The intent of this survey is to look into the alteration path of Persian reference footings in a period of two hundred old ages, divided into three distinct periods which include the Qajar ( 1170/1791-1304/1925 ) , Pahlavi ( 1305/1926-1357/1979 ) and the period after the Islamic Revolution ( 1357/1979 up to now ) . Data was extracted from a principal of 24 novels which were selected from these three periods. Data analysis indicates that Iranian reference footings and types have changed through clip along with alterations in society. The alterations are manifest in different ways, such as omission, add-on and alteration in frequence in all three historical periods of the Iranian linguistic communication. An addition in the usage of three classs i.e. personal names, familiarity footings and nothing reference footings and a lessening in the usage of honorifics, educational, cultural rubrics and teknonyms in these periods reveal that usage of Iranian reference footings has moved from more formal/less confidant to less formal/more confidant. An addition in spiritual rubrics is the logical consequence of constitution of the spiritual Muslim authorities. Besides, alteration in reference footings and types is to a big extent affected by different societal factors, the most important of them being faith, political relations, instruction, gender-equality, societal state of affairss and interpersonal dealingss.
Cardinal words: reference footings, reference types, historical Sessionss, alteration.
1. Address Footings
As a cosmopolitan construct in all linguistic communications of the universe, there is small inquiry on the significance and map of reference footings. Linguistically, Braun ( 1988, p.7 ) defines the term as a agency of “ originating contact ” . He indicates that reference footings frequently designate the middlemans, but non needfully so, since their actual and lexical significances can differ from or even contradict the addressee ‘s features. For case, in some civilizations like Persian and Arabic communities, a miss may turn to her friend ‘s female parent as ‘aunt ‘ to demo regard to her though there is no blood relation between them. To Afful ( 2006b ) reference footings refer to the lingual look by which a talker designates an addressee in a face-to-face brush. Oyetade ( 1995 ) defines address footings as words or looks used in synergistic, dyadic and face-to-face state of affairss to qualify the individual being talked to. Keshavarz ‘s ( 2001: p. 6 ) defines this set as “ aˆ¦linguistic signifiers that are used in turn toing others to pull their attending or for mentioning to them in the class of a conversation. ”
Dickey ( 1996 ) defines “ address ” as a talker ‘s lingual mention to his/her middleman ( s ) is clearly a really wide one and needs farther division. He gives an obvious lingual categorization of reference footings by their parts of address into: nouns, pronouns, and verbs which are further divided into ‘bound ‘ and ‘free ‘ signifiers ; bound morphemes are those integrated into the sentence structure of a sentence, and free signifiers are those non integrated in this manner.
1.1 Social map of reference footings
Language as a socially driven phenomenon is believed to uncover people ‘s universe positions and values. Most of any other parts, the semantic and matter-of-fact systems reflect the civilization of the talkers ( Hudson, 2001: 91 ) . Parkinson ( 1985 ) believes that the manner people unfastened conversations or turn to one another in a certain linguistic communication are of import issues in the survey of communicative system of that linguistic communication. Establishing societal relationship between persons is possibly the first measure to every communicative event.
Linguistic points referred to as “ reference terms/forms ” are non impersonal in their interpersonal significance. Although they convey small or no function in the basic grammatical constructions in a sentence, they are frequently important in accurately conveying some societal sorts of information. All significances of signifiers of reference are interpreted within the socio-cultural context of the community they are used. Leech ( 1999 ) considers footings of reference as “ of import formulaic verbal behaviours good recognized in the sociolinguistics literature to signal transactional, interpersonal and deictic branchings in human relationships ” ( cited in Afful, 2006b ) . Choice of a certain signifier necessarily entails the look of certain feelings and attitudes, and it is the consequence of the middleman ‘s rating of the nature of the relationship keeping between the participants.
Besides to Brown & A ; Levinson ( 1978:126 ) these signifiers are critical lingual mechanisms by which a talker ‘s attitude toward, and reading of his or her relationship with another talker is mirrored. Inappropriate choice of the address term hinders good communicating between the talker and the listener. They function as an index of the societal relationship between the talker and the hearer in footings of position and societal distance.
1.2 Types of reference footings in Irani
Address footings have been classified otherwise in different linguistic communications. Mehrotar ( 1981 ) in Hindi, Parkinson ( 1985 ) in Egyptian Arabic, Fitch ( 1998 ) in Columbia, Manjulakshi ( 2004 ) in Kannada ( a linguistic communication spoken in Mysore District in India ) , Afful ( 2006a ) in Ghana put forth their categorizations. In Iranian linguistic communications, Aliakbari & A ; Tohi ( 2008 ) categorized different types of reference footings that Iranian middlemans may utilize in different contexts, as: 1 ) personal names, 2 ) general rubrics, 3 ) business rubrics, 4 ) affinity related footings, 5 ) spiritual orientated looks, 6 ) honorifics, 7 ) footings of familiarity, 8 ) personal pronouns, 9 ) descriptive phrases and 10 ) zero-address footings. In this survey, the writers deleted descriptive phrases since reference footings of any type can be described in phrases. Besides, the two types of “ educational and cultural rubrics ” and “ teknonyms ” were added to the list due to a considerable sum of samples found for each type as explained in the undermentioned taxonomy:
a ) Personal names: a common signifier of turn toing by addressee ‘s personal name through people ‘s first name, last name and combination of first and last name.e.g. , [ hi?»i??i?»i?®i?? ‘FN ‘ , [ iˆ?i??hmi?»di ] ‘LN ‘ , [ hi?»i??i?»i?® iˆ?ahmi?»di ] ‘FN+LN ‘ .
B ) General rubrics: a general and impersonal method for naming others to see their face with no consideration of factors such as age, faith, societal rank, etc. [ iˆ?i??qi??i??iˆ ‘Mr. ‘ and [ xi??nom ] ‘Mrs, Miss ‘ are the most common general rubrics.
degree Celsius ) Religious rubrics: faith has ever been a powerful and effectual factor in Persian societal life and behaviours including the usage of reference footings. The three signifiers of [ hi??i?¤i?si ] , [ mi?»i?“i??i?»di ] and [ i?«i?»i??i??i?»i?¬ai?©i?? ] which refer to pilgrim’s journeies of three holy shrines and besides the footings [ sejjed /sejjede ] ‘male/female descendant of Holly Imams ‘ are common spiritual signifiers in Iran.
vitamin D ) Occupational rubrics: work-related term of reference that a individual receives or earns because of the degree s/he holds or because of the business s/he is engaged in e.g. , [ i??i?»i?«i?©i?i?? ‘doctor ‘ , [ si?»i??i??i?»i?Zi??iˆ«N ‘colonel ‘ , [ mohi?»i?®i?¤i??i??i??iˆ«N ‘engineer ‘ .
vitamin E ) Educational and cultural rubrics footings used for those with a high educational or cultural position in the society, e.g. [ fi??zel ] ‘wise adult male ‘ , [ i?“i??iˆ?i??i??i??i??iˆ ‘female poet ‘ , [ mi?»i?¬i??i?«-o-i?“i??iˆ?i?»i??i??i?? ‘great male poet ‘ .
degree Fahrenheit ) Kinship /Family footings: reference footings bespeaking household dealingss, e.g. , [ dadai?“i?? ‘brother ‘ , [ i??i??i??i?? bozorg ] ‘grand pa ‘ , [ i??i??i??i?»i??i??iˆ ‘sister’.iˆ
g ) Honorifics or footings of formality: these footings of formality or honorifics are used to demo great regard and express respect to the addressee. The talker seems to demo that the addressee is of a higher rank or societal position. e.g. , [ jeni??b ] ‘sir ‘ , [ i??i?»i??i?«i??i??i??iˆ ‘your exellency ‘ , [ qorbi??n ] ‘sir ‘ , [ iˆ?i?»rbi??b ] ‘lord ‘ .
H ) Footings of familiarity: footings used in state of affairss where confidant middlemans need to turn to spouses in a conversation with a more friendly and good-humored tone. Intimacy here refers to the relationship where the talker considers the addressee as a member of an in-group, a friend or a individual who portions some commonalty with the talker, so they address them utilizing an confidant address term to demo this close relationship e.g. , [ i?¤i?si??i?®i?»i?i??iˆ ‘my psyche ‘ , [ iˆ?i?»i??i?©i??i?»i?i??iˆ ‘my beloved ‘ , [ i?±i?»i?“i?»i?Zi?»i?i?? ‘my beauty ‘ .
I ) Personal pronouns: pronouns, apart from their grammatical maps, holding been reported to execute a societal map by signaling the disparity in the position of the talker and the addressee, e.g. , [ bi?»i?®i?¤i??i??iˆ iˆ ‘I/me ‘ , to back individual remarkable ‘you ‘ , [ i?“omi??i??iˆ 2nd individual plural ‘you ‘ .
J ) Zero reference footings: footings used when the talker is non certain how to turn to others. They frequently avoid the trouble by non utilizing any address signifier. Alternatively, they may utilize salutations or attending getters, e.g. , [ i??i?»i?¬i??i?i?? ‘hi ‘ , [ bebi?»i??i?“i?©i?¤i??iˆ iˆ ‘sorry ‘ , [ sob bexeijr ] ‘good forenoon ‘ .
K ) Teknonyms: nominal signifiers of reference which define an addressee as a male parent, a brother, a married woman, or a girl of person else by showing the addressee ‘s relation to another individual. Here the addressee is known through person else, e.g. [ iˆ?i?»ji?»le i?«i?»i??i?©i? iˆ?i??i?±i??i?? ‘Mr.Karim ‘s married woman ‘ , [ i??i?»i?i?“i?©i??i??i??i?? mirzi?? si??deq ] ‘Mirza Sadeq ‘s sister ‘ , [ xi??nome iˆ?i??qi??i??e physician ] ‘Mr.doctor ‘s married woman ‘ .
2. Review of the related literature
Since the “ reference set ” is a hoarded wealth of valuable information about societal and interpersonal relationships in any society, it has been studied in many linguistic communications ; a figure of them are reviewed below:
Mehrotar ( 1981 ) describes the non-kin signifiers of reference related to socio-cultural scene of couples utilizing them in Hindi. He notes that reference signifiers embody a important phase in a face-to-face interaction and stand for a particular facet of relational linguistic communication, functioning non simply as a span between the persons but besides as a sort of ’emotional capital ‘ which can be invested and manipulated in order to accomplish a specific consequence. He farther asserts that differential use of reference footings has been institutionalized as a agency of specifying and confirming both individuality and position of the talker and the addressee.
Keshavarz ( 1988 ) conducts a survey on the signifiers of reference in the station Islamic revolution ( after 1979 ) in Iran. In hunt for the political map of reference footings, he reports that the revolution in Iran taking to subvert monarchism resulted in the pick of reference footings bespeaking solidarity and the demand to show solidarity led to greater usage of footings like ‘bother ‘ and ‘sister ‘ .
Lee-Wong ( 1994 ) surveies the relationship between switching semantics and the altering political orientation in the reference system of Chinese. His consequences indicate that Chinese system of reference is rooted in the societal construction attaching great importance to kinship.
Oyetade ( 1995:519 ) provided a descriptive analysis of the full system of reference in Yoruba, a linguistic communication spoken in the western portion of Nigeria. He classifies address these footings into pronouns, names, affinity footings, rubrics and occupational footings. In this class, names are the most common signifiers of reference. He besides finds that mutual usage of personal names is common between friends, close relations and members of the same age group.
In a survey on Kashmiri, Koul ( 1995 ) concludes that footings of reference in any given linguistic communication drama an of import map in socio-linguistic research. He besides continues that these footings are affected by certain factors such as societal construction, cultural form and geographical scene.
In a survey on bilingual creativeness in Chinese English, Zhang ( 2002 ) stresses the importance of surveies on reference footings and besides their importance in conveying civilization, particularly power the position of the middlemans.
Manjulakshi ( 2004 ) notes that footings and manners of reference are of import for intents of designation and look of thoughts. To her, the usage of these footings is affected by the societal position, age and the sex of the middlemans participated in an interaction.
Afful ( 2006a ) stresses the discourse analysis of reference footings particularly in the country of political relations and faith. He indicates that westernism and modernism are reflected in the usage of personal names and phrases. He besides notes that sociolinguistic surveies on reference footings tend to demo that they are contingent on a figure of factors such as socio-economic position, age, sex, the relationship between middlemans and the spheres of a communicative brush.
In another survey, Afful ( 2006b ) makes a differentiation between ‘address footings ‘ and ‘reference footings ‘ uses the former as the lingual look by which a talker designates an addressee in a face-to-face brush with mention to the societal maps of reference footings.
Furthermore, Akindele ( 2008 ) examines the reference signifiers used by the Basotho people. He analyzes and discusses assorted types of reference signifiers and the finding factors on the usage of these points.
3. Methology
3.1 Purpose and Questions
Social and lingual constructions have ever shown to hold a sort of bidirectional relationship to each other. The effect is that alteration in one may alter the other. Thus, alterations in the manner people behave in interpersonal relationships straight affect the manner people address each other. Iran has faced up to many alterations through the recent history of two hundred old ages. The constitution of three distinguishable authoritiess viz. Qajar ( 1170/1791-1304/1925 ) , Pahlavi ( 1305/1926-1357/1979 ) and Islamic Revolution ( 1357/1979 up to now ) brought about major societal and ideological alterations to the society.
The present research aims at happening the manner Iranian reference footings have changed in the recent two centuries. More specifically, the undermentioned inquiries are to be answered in this survey:
1. What are the most outstanding alterations in the Iranian reference footings in the two recent centuries divided into three historical periods of Qajar ( Q ) , Pahlavi ( P ) and Islamic Revolution ( IR ) ?
2. What are the most influencing factors on altering reference footings in the history of Iranian linguistic communication?
3.2 Theoretical Model
The theoretical model used in this survey was the categorization proposed by Aliakbari & A ; Tohi ( 2008 ) in Persian which was somewhat changed as was explained in portion 1.3 ( types of reference footings in Persian ) . This categorization was taken for the demand to follow the alteration path in reference footings and types in Persian, and besides because the mentioned survey is the lone complete categorization carried out in Farsi ( Persian ) .
3.3 Corpus and informations aggregation
In order to analyze the alteration path of Iranian reference set in the history of Persian, a figure of 24 novels written in the recent two centuries,8 in each period of Qajar, Pahlavi and after Islamic Revolution were selected, from among 1370 reference footings were extracted and categorized in types. In Qajar period, due to the limited figure of published books, about all available novels were selected. In the two 2nd periods, the choice was based on the popularity of novels in which the existent and self-generated linguistic communication is reflected. So, the most popular novels were indiscriminately selected from among a big figure of available novels. In this principal, 645 ( p=47 % ) were Qajar, 342 ( p=25 % ) Pahlavi and 383 ( p=28 % ) were Islamic Revolution reference footings.
The ground to choose novels instead than other literary texts such as poesy and short narrative is the informal manner used by the authors and besides the sufficient infinite to show it, doing it possible to seek for the manner people address each other in societal interactions. In Iranian literature novels are distinguishable from other literary texts for they reflect the existent ordinary manner of communicating in societal interactions.
The period under survey was divided into three distinguishable epochs, including Qajar ( Q ) , Pahlavi ( P ) , and After Islamic Revolution ( IR ) , which made it possible to follow every bit good as to compare the alteration path in the whole set. In Iran alteration in authoritiess proved to be non merely a political alteration ; it straight affected the whole societal behaviours and life style of people in the society. In order to offer a clear image of the historical periods under survey, each one will be explained here:
Qajar dynasty was an Persian royal household of Turkic beginning, who ruled Persia ( Iran ) from ( 1170/1791 to 1304/1925 ) ; Pahlavi came to power after Qajar. Pahlavi dynasty comprised two Iranian/Persian sovereign, the male parent and the boy ( Reza Shah Pahlavi and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi ) . They ruled Persia ( Iran ) from ( 1305/1926 to 1357/1979 ) . Muslim Revolution ( besides known as the 1979 Revolution ) refers to the events affecting the overthrow of Iran ‘s monarchy ( Pahlavi dynasty ) and its replacing with an Islamic democracy under Ayatollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution. Establishing of three new authoritiess viz. Qajar, Pahlavi and Islamic Revolution brought about major societal and ideological alterations.
3.4 Significance of the survey
Address footings are strongly believed to attest interpersonal relationships, the topic that has attracted many sociolinguists ‘ attending all around the universe. Although a few surveies have been reported to be done in Iran, this topic seems to be neglected and needs to be more regarded in academic researches.
The findings of this survey are expected to be good to linguists in general and to those who are interested in the Fieldss of sociolinguistics and sociology of linguistic communication.
Furthermore, the survey of how address footings have changed from past to show may cast visible radiation into types of alteration in advancement.
4. Consequences and Discussion
This portion investigates the most outstanding alterations in reference footings every bit good as the most deciding factors impacting address term alterations in the two recent centuries of Iranian linguistic communication, divided into three historical periods of Qajar ( 1170/1791-1304/1925 ) , Pahlavi ( 1305/1926-1357/1979 ) and after the Islamic Revolution ( 1357/ 1979 -up to now ) .
4.1 Change path of Persian reference footings in the recent two centuries ( three historical periods )
The information including a figure of 1370 reference footings, extracted from 24 novels, shows a systematic path of alteration in different types of omission, add-on and besides alteration in frequence in all three historical periods of Iranian history:
A ) Omission
Analyzing the information related to the period of Qajar to Pahlavi shows that, no turn toing type or class was deleted but some addressing points of different types were deleted from the list. The most frequent are listed below:
i?›i?i??i??i?©i??i??i?? ‘monsieur ‘ from the general rubric,
job+ [ bi??i?“i?©i??iˆ ‘i??i??iˆ i??i??iˆ i?©i?®iˆ i??iˆ i??i??i??’iˆ¬iˆ N+ [ xi??n ] ‘liege’+job, N+ [ molk ] ‘its refers to the state and its glorification ‘ from the occupational rubrics,
and besides some teknonyms e.g. , [ vi??lede ] +N ‘ female parent of+N ‘ and [ si?»abije ] +N ‘daughter of+N ‘ were deleted.
Furthermore, from Pahlavi to Islamic Revolution ( during a period of 85 old ages ) no reference type was deleted while some points of different reference classs were no longer used, as the undermentioned points show:
[ mirzi?? ] +N+ [ xi??n ] ‘leige ‘ from the general rubrics,N+ [ motreb ] ‘musician ‘ , N+ [ bi??i?“i?©i??iˆ ‘i??i??iˆ i??i??’iˆ iˆ¬ i?›i??i?»i??i?«i??r ] +job ‘your Excellency ‘ from the occupational rubrics,
and besides [ molli?? ] +N ‘mullah ‘ from the spiritual rubrics were deleted.
B ) Addition
The information belonging to the period of Qajar to Pahlavi shows that two reference types were added to the list, they are “ personal pronouns ” e.g. , to ‘second individual remarkable, you ‘ and zero reference footings ” e.g. , vi?»i?±i??i??i??i?µi?®iˆ i??i??i??i??i??i?? ‘good morning/evening/night ‘ sob bexeijr ‘good forenoon ‘ .
Furthermore, points of different types were found to be new in this period:
the usage of affinity nounsiˆ«i?›E¤i?µi?®iˆ?i??i??nom ] ‘dear ‘ /N+bozorg/’great ‘ and
besides one “ teknonym ” signifier of [ iˆ?i??i??i??le ] +N ( married woman of+N ) were added to
the list
From Pahlavi to Islamic Revolution, no new reference type but some new address points were added to the list, a choice of them are offered below:
new personal names for example, [ si??mi??n ] ‘ male name ‘ , [ ki??mri??n ] ‘male name ‘ , [ mini?? ] ‘female name ‘ .
spiritual rubrics for example, [ hi??i?¤i?sije ] ‘title for a adult female who has gone to Haj pilgrim’s journey ‘ and [ sejjede ] ‘female descendent of holly Imams ‘ ,
cultural rubrics such as: [ i?“i??iˆ?i??i??i??i??iˆ ‘i?¦i??i?i??i?¬i??iˆ i?°i??i??i??’iˆ i??i?®i?¤iˆ i?›i?°i??i??i?¦i??i??i??i??i??iˆ ‘i?°i??i??i?¦i??i??i??i??i??’iˆ iˆ¬
iˆiˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ and besides new occupational titlesiˆ i??iˆ®giˆ®iˆ¬iˆ i?›i??i??nom ] ‘Mrs. ‘ +job were added to the list.
C ) Change in frequence
As a consequence of add-on and omission of reference footings, some reference types have increased or decreased in frequence. The following tabular array shows the frequence of each reference type in the three historical periods of Iranian linguistic communication.
Table 1. Frequency of reference types from Qajar to Islamic Revolution
Address Types
Qajar
Pahlevi
I
Islamic Revolution
personal names
3.56 %
17.8 %
19.7 %
familiarity footings
1.8 %
6.7 %
9.57 %
kinship/family footings
1.39 %
11.69 %
14.53 %
occupational rubrics
8.21 %
10.81 %
10.7 %
personal pronouns
2.17 %
4.67 %
2.61 %
nothing reference footings
0
1.46 %
2.61 %
spiritual rubrics
0.40 %
9.06 %
9.13 %
general rubrics
17.6 %
14.61 %
23.47 %
honorifics
20 %
19.17 %
4.96 %
cultural rubrics
2.79 %
2.63 %
1.56 %
teknonyms
1.69 %
1.4 %
1.16 %
As the tabular array shows, the four classs of “ personal names ” , “ familiarity footings ” , “ zero reference footings ” and “ spiritual rubrics ” have increased in frequence in the three periods, bespeaking a motion from more formality/less familiarity to less formality/more familiarity in interpersonal relationships.
The usage of four reference types of “ honorifics ” , “ educational ” , “ cultural rubrics ” and “ teknonyms ” has decreased in all three periods of Iranian linguistic communication. All being formal in semantic and matter-of-fact nature, it once more reveals that the usage of Iranian reference footings has moved from more formality/less familiarity to less formality/more familiarity.
The usage of spiritual and general rubrics have decreased from Qajar to Pahlavi but increased in the Islamic Revolution period. Increase in spiritual rubrics is the logical consequence of the constitution of a spiritual authorities.
The usage of “ occupational rubrics ” and “ pronouns ” shows to be increased in frequence from Qajar to Pahlavi but the same types show a lessening path after the Islamic Revolution.
The sum-up of all alterations symbolized by addition ( a†‘ ) and lessening ( a†“ ) is shown in table 2.
Table 2.change of reference types
Address types
Qajar to Pahlavi
Pahlavi to Islamic Revolution
personal names, familiarity footings, nothing reference footings and spiritual rubrics
a†‘
a†‘
honorifics, educational rubrics and teknonyms
a†“
a†“
occupational rubrics and pronouns
a†‘
a†“
spiritual and
general rubrics
a†“
a†‘increased frequence ( a†‘ )
decreased frequence ( a†“ )
4.2 Factors impacting alterations in reference footings
As reference footings are socially driven lingual phenomena, they are necessarily influenced by societal and cultural factors in the society. Furthermore, as the society alterations, alteration in linguistic communication every bit good as in reference footings is ineluctable. This portion deals with the most effectual factors on the outgrowth and alteration of reference footings in the history of Iran.
A ) Religion: Persia has ever shown to be a spiritual society through history.The being of a great figure of spiritual reference footings every bit good as the constitution of a spiritual Muslim authorities in 1979 are clear cases. Data analysis reveals that change in some reference footings have had spiritual motives, as the undermentioned points show:
– High frequence of spiritual reference footings of [ hi??i?¤i?si ] / [ ki?»i??i??i?»i?¬i??i??i?©i??iˆ?i?›i?i?»i?“i??i?»i?¤i?©i?? intending “ to pilgrim’s journeies of three sanctum shrines ” in all three historical periods indicates the sacredness of sing holly topographic points as a pilgrim.
– Appearance of the footings [ bi?»i??i??i?¤i?»i??i?? ‘religious brother ‘ i??i?®i?¤iˆ i?›i??i??i??i?»i??i??iˆ ‘religious sister ‘ in IR provinces that all people are considered to be equal in Islam.
– Appearance of the female spiritual term of [ hi??i?¤i?sije ] ‘title for a adult female who has gone Haj pilgrim’s journey ‘ is due to the importance of sing Mecca as a pilgrim for all gender groups.
– Decrease in the usage of [ di?»i??i?¶i?©i?“i??iˆ ‘a Sufi mystic’i??i?®i?¤iˆ iˆ i?›i?i??i?¬i?¬i??i??iˆ ‘mullah ‘ is due to the alteration in the significances of the words into “ the hapless chap ” .
B ) Politicss: In Iran alteration in political systems has shown to impact the outgrowth every bit good as the alteration in reference footings particularly the footings related to political relations and ground forces, as the undermentioned instances show:
– Royal reference footings were deleted due to alter of monarchism to Republic in IR.e.g. , [ i?“i??i??i??i?¤i??i??iˆ ‘prince’iˆ¬iˆ i?›iˆ?i?»i?¬i??iˆ i??i?»i??i??i?»i??i?? ‘Most High Majesty in mention to the king/emperor was no longer used after IR development.
– New footings were added due to new occupations and duties in ground forces and political occupations e.g. , [ si?»i??i??i?»i?Zi??iˆ ‘colonel’iˆ®
– Since the relation between French and Iran became strained in Pahlavi ‘s epoch, [ mosijo ] a word borrowed from Gallic intending sir was no longer used.
C ) Education: Improvement in instruction is another of import cause of alteration in reference footings, as the undermentioned instances explain:
– Constitution of the first university in Iran in 1230/1825 ( Qajar period ) resulted in the demand for new footings and rubrics for university instructors e.g. [ professor ] ‘university teacher ‘ .
– Substitution of new system of instruction i.e. schools for traditional preparation topographic points ( as called mi?»i?«i??i?»i?? ) brought about new footings and rubrics for example, [ moiˆ?i??i?¬i??i?i??’teacher ‘ and [ modir ] ‘head maestro ‘ .
– Besides, as a consequence of new educational system, some general and unmarked rubrics disappeared for example, hakim and [ fi??zel ] ‘wise adult male ‘ as new exact rubrics for different educational grades were added to the list.
D ) Gender-equity: “ Gender equity/bias ” as portion of the societal political orientation is reflected in our linguistic communication. So, linguistic communication reveals that how gender prejudice or compare a society is or to what extent it has changed from prejudice to equity or frailty versa in the path of clip. Reviewing Iranian reference footings through three historical periods under survey, a gradual motion from gender prejudice to equity is observed, as the undermentioned points explain:
– Use of “ teknonyms ” shows a gradual lessening in frequence from Qajar ( p=1.69 % ) to Pahlavi ( p=1.4 % ) and besides to Islamic Revolution ( p=1.16 % ) periods.
– Some “ teknonyms ” were changed to be used merely in specific contexts with negative significances e.g. , [ ni?»i?®i??i??i??i??iˆ +N ‘N ‘s hapless old female parent ‘ .
– As a consequence of new occupation state of affairss for females, new “ occupational rubrics ” were added to the list with the dominant construction of: [ xi??nom ] +job titles.e.g. , [ xi??nom physician ] ‘Mrs. physician ‘
– Besides, new spiritual rubrics for females were added to the list. Independent rubrics for females instead than being addressed by person else ( most of the clip by their brothers ‘ , hubbies ‘ , or male parents ‘ ) can be interpreted as the mark of comparative independent places females have got in society in the path of clip.
Tocopherol ) Social state of affairss: New societal duties and occupations result in the demand for new reference rubrics in the society.The obvious illustrations are occupations and favourites such as [ iˆ?i??i??i??i??i??i?“i?§i?»i??i?? ‘barber ‘ . Sometimes, a rubric is substituted for another one since the bing word pragmatically conveys a negative burden of intending e.g. , [ ni?»i?¶i??i??i?»i?®i?¤i??i?? ‘singer ‘ was substituted for its equivalent word [ motreb ] because the latter was non socially acceptable.
F ) Interpersonal Relations: Another of import factor act uponing the usage of reference footings is the grade of distance/intimacy between the talker and the addressee in an interpersonal communicating. In formal state of affairss people feel to be less intimate to each other.
Reviewing the types and footings in the recent two centuries, it shows a meaningful alteration or motion from more formal/distant to more intimate interpersonal communicating.the inclination to utilize more “ personal names ” , “ affinity ” and “ confidant ” reference footings indicates a turning inclination to be more intimate and less formal to each other in the class of communicating.
5. Decision
In order to analyze alter path of Persian reference footings in the recent two centuries, a figure of 1370 reference footings were collected from 24 novels belonging to the three of import historical periods of Qajar ( 1170/1791-1304/1925 ) , Pahlavi ( 1305/1926-1357/1979 ) and Islamic Revolution ( 1357/ 1979 ) . Analysis of the information showed the undermentioned consequences:
– Irani reference footings and reference types have changed through clip in line with alterations in society.
– Irani reference footings have shown to alter structurally in different ways including ; omission, add-on and alteration in frequence in all three historical periods of Iranian linguistic communication.
– Sing omission, no reference types was deleted but some reference footings were no longer used. Some “ spiritual ” and “ feudal rubrics ” of “ honorifics ” are instances of omission.
– Sing add-on, two reference types of “ personal pronoun ” and “ nothing rubrics ” every bit good as a figure of address footings such as new “ kinship points ” were added to the list.
– Changes of frequence were observed to be meaningful in the undermentioned instances:
The three classs of “ personal names ” , “ familiarity footings ” and “ zero reference footings ” have increased in frequence in all three periods, bespeaking a motion from more to less formality.
The usage of four reference types of “ honorifics ” , “ educational ” , “ cultural rubrics ” and “ teknonyms ” shows to hold decreased in all three periods of Iranian linguistic communication. All being formal in semantic and matter-of-fact nature, it reveals that the usage of Iranian reference footings has moved from more formality/distance to less formality/more familiarity.
The usage of spiritual and general rubrics have decreased from Qajar to Pahlavi but increased after the Islamic Revolution ( IR ) period. Increase in spiritual rubrics is the logical consequence of constitution of a spiritual Muslim authorities.
-Change in reference footings and types to a big extent is affected by different societal factors, from among the most influencing factors are ; faith, political relations, instruction, gender-equity, societal state of affairss and interpersonal dealingss.
