How does Foreign Direct Investment affect the Malaysia economy

II. Literature Review

FDI in Private Sector ( Private Investment )

Economic study ( 2010/2011 ) indicates that the private investing was rebound from -17.2 % in twelvemonth 2009 to 15.2 % in twelvemonth 2010 and in twelvemonth 2011, private investing will stable in 10.2 % . Department of Statistics, Malaysia ( DOSM ) ( 2010 ) indicates that in first half of 2010 the private sector capital grew by 46.6 % . The largest part in private investing is services sector 47.2 % , following excavation and electricity sector and fabrication sector which is 25.4 % and 21.1 % ( Economic Report, 2010/2011 ) . In the first seven months of 2010, Malayan Industrial Development Authority ( MIDA ) approved 545 investing undertakings which are wholly RM16.6 billion to bettering domestic economic system and FDI ( Economic Report, 2010/2011 ) . The three chief largest foreign direct investing states from Singapore, Japan, and United States and in term of location in Malaysia, the province of Selangor, Johor, and Penang was become the largest sanctioned investing ( Economic Report, 2010/2011 ) . Economic Report ( 2010/2011 ) besides indicate that FDI autumn from USD7.3 billion in twelvemonth 2008 to USD1.4 billion in twelvemonth 2009 which is bead by 81.1 % . Economic Report ( 2010/2011 ) point out Malaysia authorities should more concentrating on more ample and high-impart investing, advance private sector-led growing and as facilitator to heighten private investing and pull more domestic and foreign investings. “ FDI influxs are projected to increase because supported by authorities which authorities provided a conductive concern environment and gradual resurgence of capital outgo. ” ( Economic Report, 2010/2011 ) . Most foreign company are doing net incomes because Malaysia ‘s investings is broad-based which mostly in fabrication, agribusiness, oil and gas, and services ( Economic Report, 2010/2011 ) .

AmResearch Sdn Bhd senior economic expert, Manokaran Mottain said that if want attract more foreign investors to better FDI, the Malaysia authorities will present public-private sector partnership as function in concern ( Tan, The Star, 2010 ) . In Najib Tun Abdul Razak ( 2010 ) 2011 budget address, one of the strategic to better the private investing is “ Invigorating Private Investing ” . In reinvigorating private investing strategic got about 20 different sub-strategic, different strategic will heighten in different facets in private investing. So, the chief strategic to better the whole private investing is public-private partnership enterprises, high impart strategic development, and regenerating capital market ( 2011 Budget Speech, 2010 ) .

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In public-private partnership ( PPP ) initiatives, Najib Tun Abdul Razak ( 2010 ) indicates that “ The authorities will supply allotment as a tipping point for substructure support to guarantee viability of private sector-led undertakings ” . All the PPP undertakings identified in 10th Malaysia Plan will heighten the private sector investing, for illustration, building of main road, building of a 300-megawatt combined-cycle gas power program, and development undertakings like infirmary. The entire private investing will be implemented in 2011 is RM12.5 billion.

In high impact strategic development, 1Malaysia Development Berhad ( 1MDB ) agree to develop the Kuala Lumpur International Financial District ( KLIFD ) which will get downing in 2011 and the value of KLIFD will be reach at RM26 billion. The of import of develop KLIFD is strength Malaysia ‘s place as the premier international Islamic fiscal hub and authorities is consider to advance particular inducement bundles to pull foreign investor to KLIFD. Another undertaking in this strategic are the Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) in Greater KL, estimation of RM40 billion in private investing ; Malaysian Rubber Board land in Sungai Buloh, estimation of RM10 billion in private investing and besides Petronas Twin Tower, estimation of RM5 billion in private investing.

Malaysia authorities will implement seven steps to heighten the cooperation with foreign Bourses which is foremost, divest their shareholdings in major companies by government-linked investing companies ( GLICs ) ; 2nd, for better return to foreign investors, GLICs allowed to increase investing in abroad market ; 3rd, certain naming company will offer higher public shareholding like Petronas Chemicals Sdn. Bhd. ; Forth, launch sukuk and conventional bond by Bursa Malaysia ; and the last 1 is Securities Commission ( SC ) will offer three new stock broking licences, increase the figure of Proprietary Day Traders, and facilitate procedure and processs for naming companies.

Foreign direct investing ( FDI ) and Economic growing in Malaya

A big figure of surveies was suggest that foreign direct investing ( FDI ) is an of import beginning to the economic growing in Malaysia, the FDI bring in the capital investing, engineering, make new occupation chance for economic growing. FDI non merely excite the economic growing but besides stimulate the growing of industrial sector and transform the Malaysia economic construction from agricultural into major manufacturer and exporter of manufactured goods ( Jajri, 2009 ) .

Karimi and Yusop ( 2009 ) examine that causal relationship between foreign direct investing ( FDI ) and economic growing in Malaysia. Karimi and Yusop ( 2009 ) suggest that FDI has indirect consequence on economic growing in Malaysia. The Toda-Yamamoto causality trial done by Karimi and Yusop ( 2009 ) suggest that there is no strong plenty grounds of a bi-directional causality between FDI and economic growing. Karimi and Yusop ( 2009 ) indicate that two variables such as engineering transportation and productiveness have indirect relationship in FDI and growing of economic and the most of import reference by them is the public presentation of one variable does lend to stableness of another variable. This significance that the public presentation in a sector will be affect to each other, for illustration, stableness of fabrication sector will heighten the private investing in private sector.

Har, Teo & A ; Yee ( 2008 ) examine that the relationship between FDI and economic growing in Malaysia for the period 1970 to 2005 utilizing the clip series informations. Har et Al. ( 2008 ) determined that there is a positive relationship between the FDI and economic growing based on their empirical consequence and FDI was played an of import function in Malaysia ‘s economic system. To accomplish economic system development of Malaysia, authorities should concern the importance of FDI in economic system growing ; for illustration, promote more foreign direct investing to increase the employment in Malaysia and progress engineering in production can increase more skilled labour to increase productiveness ( Har et al. , 2008 ) . Although the empirical consequence showed that has a positive relationship between FDI and economic growing, but it has conveying some negative consequence on some sector, for illustration, domestic manufacturer, they will confronting troubles to last in the market because the foreign investor become monopoly and losing the market power. Therefore, Har et Al. ( 2008 ) were proposing that authorities should implement some policies like joint venture to do a win-win state of affairs between domestic manufacturer and foreign direct investor. Har et Al. ( 2008 ) besides indicate that the political stableness is an of import function in FDI because the new policies implemented by authorities will be affects the determination devising of foreign direct investor.

Jajri ( 2009 ) examines the influence of foreign direct investing ( FDI ) over the growing of the Malaysia for the period of 1970 to 2003. Based on the empirical consequence done by Jajri ( 2009 ) , the consequence showed that FDI was important influence on the growing rate of Malaysia ‘s economic system and has a strong market and macroeconomic stableness to advance FDI. Jajri ( 2009 ) shown the human capital was more of import in FDI because it can better the productiveness, advanced capablenesss, and beef uping the back uping industries to pull more foreign investing.

Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) in fabricating sector growing

Yusop and A.Ghaffar ( 1994 ) examined that several quantitative factors that was influence FDI in Malaysian fabrication sector. In this survey, Yusop and A.Ghaffar ( 1994 ) indicate that gross national merchandise ( GNP ) , involvement rate, external modesty, fabrication end product, economic wellness, currency stableness, local funding, handiness of equal human and physical substructure are of import factors to act upon the FDI in fabrication sector. Oman ( 1984 ) defined that a foreign entity ain bulks of the equities in house should be consideration involve in FDI activities. So, the intent of Yusop and A.Ghaffar ( 1994 ) in this survey is measure the company is consider as FDI company if the company has at least 50 % of equities. After this survey was done, Yusop and A.Ghaffar ( 1994 ) suggest few facets can better the FDI in fabrication sector. First, the consequence show that between the ( LMOG ) and FDI have a positive relationship, that intending human facet and physical substructures are related to fabricating sector and it is of import for foreign investor ( Yusop and A.Ghaffar, 1994 ) . So, to pull the foreign direct investing in fabrication sector, Yusop and A.Ghaffar ( 1994 ) suggest “ the proviso of a well trained and efficient labor force, particular or subsidised industrial sites, and other infrastructural installations. ” Second, to increase the flow of FDI, the allotment of particular fund or recognition installations for house besides of import, for illustration, the local finance is the of import consideration for foreign investor because it will impact their FDI determination ( Yusop and A.Ghaffar 1994 ) . Third, revenue enhancement inducement is the of import component to better and increase the flow of FDI, the policy shaper can use revenue enhancement inducement to taking the FDI activities in fabrication sector ( Yusop and A.Ghaffar 1994 ) .

Chandran V.G.R ( 2008 ) found that FDI was a determiner in fabricating sector in his empirical analysis about examines the FDI over fabricating growing in Malaysia which is in developing state during 1970 to 2003. Chandran V.G.R ( 2008 ) suggests that to better the FDI in fabrication sectors, the first action is focus on bettering productiveness and advanced capablenesss. “ Quality of FDI can merely be attracted if the host state has the ability to better the fabrication outputs through productiveness addition instead than depending on the traditional factor of production ” ( Chandran V.G.R, 2008 ) . Chandran V.G.R ( 2008 ) besides suggests that to more focal point on instruction establishment and the industrial demands to construct up human capital stock and better the degree of instruction. In extra, the webs of foreign universities affiliation with local establishment are of import because those will heighten the competitory advantage of the fabrication sectors. The last strategic suggest by Chandran V.G.R ( 2008 ) is the relationship between the local provider and foreign investor must strengthened through web coherence for many fabrication houses. A strong supply concatenation must be set up so that foreign investors will recognize that the local provider in Malaysia besides capable to carry through their demand in presenting stuff.

Incentives and maintain attraction in Malaysia for FDI

Oti-Prempeh, Abenaa A. ( 2003 ) examines the construct of FDI in developing state such as Malaysia, Mexico and South Africa in his paper. Oti-Prempeh, Abenaa A. ( 2003 ) showed that there are some grounds to do the Malaysia go attractive in FDI like the Malaysia undervalue currency, low rising prices rate, low cost of labour. Malaysia ‘s National Economic Program ( NERP ) besides became a attractive for foreign investor, it is because the six aim of the NERP heighten the confident of the foreign investor and Malaysia plans to go industrialised state by twelvemonth 2020 ( Oti-Prempeh, Abenaa A. , 2003 ) . Oti-Prempeh, Abenaa A. ( 2003 ) indicate that the Labuan is the metropolis with revenue enhancement oasis, free ordinance and jurisprudence, and full natural resources like oil and gas to pull foreign investor to put in Malaysia. The Malaysia ‘s investing policy provides incentive to foreign investor such as Promotion of Investment Act 1986 and the Income Tax Act 1967. This Act provides inducement in many sector so that foreign investor can bask the advantages like full or partial freedom from income revenue enhancement, for illustration, Malaysia current income revenue enhancement rate was 30 % . Consequences, foreign investor can acquire higher rate of return on their investing ( Oti-Prempeh, Abenaa A. , 2003 ) . Duasa, J ( 2007 ) besides indicate that Malaysia has pull a big part of FDI influx after Malaysia introduce the Investment Incentive Act 1968 and the Free Trade Zone during the 2nd Malaysia Plan ( 1971-1975 ) .

In Chandran V.G.R ( 2008 ) sentiment, the Malaysia can keep their attraction for FDI is because of moderate overall cost, political stableness, and good substructure. In the other manus, FDI liberalisation in Malaysia besides provide inducements to foreign investor, Chandran V.G.R ( 2008 ) suggest that Malaysia should concentrate on supplying labour force and complementary plus in the long tally to keeping the attraction of Malaysia.

In fabrication and agricultural sectors, Malaysia was supplying inducements to allow the foreign company or investor to bask different advantages when they invest in Malaysia. The two major inducements provide by Malaysia authorities are pioneer position and investing revenue enhancement allowance ( ITA ) . In Pioneer Status, “ A company grated Pioneer Status enjoys a 5-years partial freedom from the payment of income revenue enhancement and it pays revenue enhancement on 30 % of its statutory income. ” ( MIDA, 2010 ) . In add-on, Malaysia besides provides the promoted country to promote foreign direct investing. Invest in promoted country such as Sarawak, Perlis, Sabah and some certain country can bask a 100 % revenue enhancement freedom on statutory income during in 5 old ages exemption period ( MIDA, 2010 ) . In investing revenue enhancement allowance ( ITA ) , a company can use ITA to allow an allowance of 60 % on measure uping capital outgo within 5 old ages. In the other manus, for each twelvemonth of appraisal, a company may be able to countervail this allowance to against 70 % of its statutory income and the remainder of 30 % will be taxed at the predominating company revenue enhancement rate ( MIDA, 2010 ) . The Malaysia besides provides promoted country in ITA inducement which is if any company invests in the promoted country ; a company can bask 100 % allowance on measure uping capital outgo in 5 old ages. In add-on, for each twelvemonth of appraisal in promoted country, the allowance can be utilized to countervail against 100 % of the statutory income. Different extra inducements besides provided by authorities in many sectors, here merely discourse one major of extra inducement for all sectors which is Reinvestment Allowance ( RA ) . From the MIDA web site, reinvestment allowance is given if a company involves in fabrication or agricultural activities, operation at least 36 months from twelvemonth appraisal 2009, and intentionally reinvest in enlargement, mechanization, modernisation or variegation concern ( MIDA, 2010 ) . Reinvestment allowance is given 60 % on the measure uping capital outgo, 15 back-to-back old ages, can be offset against 70 % of statutory income and can to the full against of statutory income if a company invest in promoted country or attain productivity degree transcending the degree determined by Ministry of Finance.

( Tenth Malaysia Plan ( 10MP ) , 2010, Chap. 3, pp. 39-41 ) indicated Malaysia one-year FDI influx has grown by merely 1 % CAGR from the period of 1991 – 2000 to 2001 – 2007. The FDI public presentation is worst in past 20 old ages, so, Malaysia must better its public presentation by utilizing some enterprises which is ; Benchmarking Malaysia ‘s attraction, Empowering Malayan Investment Development Authority ( MIDA ) to pull investing, and Investing in talent enlisting ( 10MP, 2010, Chap. 3, pp. 39-41 ) .

In benchmarking Malaysia ‘s attraction, Malaysia will place the cardinal factor of the apprehension of the foreign investor by behavior an one-year study ( 10MP, 2010, Chap. 3, pp. 39-41 ) . The cardinal factor will impact the Government ‘s policy determination doing to do out some accommodation to guarantee Malaysia can vie for capital and increasing the FDI attraction, for illustration, cut downing the corporate and personal income revenue enhancement rates is a type of factor can better the attraction of FDI influx in Malaysia ( 10MP, 2010, Chap. 3, pp. 39-41 ) .

In authorising MIDA to pull investing, MIDA will more focal point in few sectors those can back up invention and productiveness growing and will concentrate on quality of investing instead than measure ( 10MP, 2010, Chap. 3, pp. 39-41 ) . Several alteration will made by MIDA to pull FDI which is given the authorization to negociate straight with investors for mark undertakings, heighten the coordination and coherence among the relevant investing publicity organic structures in the state, and enable the necessary organisational flexibleness to pull and retain the endowment it needs to be internationally competitory ( 10MP, 2010, Chap. 3, pp. 39-41 ) .

In puting in talent enlisting, liberalisation, good quality of life, and better compensation bundle will increase the figure of worker flow into our state ( 10MP, 2010, Chap. 3, pp. 39-41 ) . Malaysia besides introduces the Talent Corporation ( TC ) which is under the Prime Minister ‘s Department to better our FDI. TC has three key functions to better the influx FDI, the first is catalyst lead and drive advanced national endowment direction enterprises. The 2nd cardinal function is as a facilitator and making and actuating for private sector. The 3rd cardinal function is deliver major national enterprises on endowment across the human capital development grapevine ( 10MP, 2010, Chap. 3, pp. 39-41 ) .

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