This chapter is concerned with the current state of affairs and issues of the instruction of English in Vietnam. As a manner of start, the research worker will first supply a brief history of English linguistic communication learning in Vietnam. Then will analyze in some depth the current state of affairs of English linguistic communication learning in Vietnam, looking specifically at English linguistic communication learning both inside and outside the formal educational system. The concluding subdivision is devoted to a treatment of some of the jobs we have been sing in the instruction of English in Vietnam in the context of integrating and globalisation. This chapter besides derived the old research conducted by William F. Hanes, Trang Q. Nguyen, and Hoang V. Van.

6.1 History and Problems of Teaching English in Vietnam

The history of English linguistic communication learning in Vietnam can be approximately divided into two periods: ( I ) English in Vietnam before 1986 and ( two ) English in Vietnam from 1986 up to the present. The ground for this manner of division is that 1986 was the twelvemonth when the Vietnamese Communist Party initiated its overall economic reform, exerting the open-door policy, and therefore taging the outgrowth of English as the figure 1 foreign linguistic communication in Vietnam.

6.1.1 English in Vietnam before 1986

English in Vietnam before 1986 had a checked history. Chronologically, the instruction of English in Vietnam can be subdivided into three periods: the first period extends from the beginning of the Gallic invasion of Vietnam up to 1954 ; the 2nd period, from 1954 to 1975 ; and the 3rd period, from 1975 to 1986. Each of the periods will be examined in some deepness in the subdivisions that follow.

6.1.1.1. English in Vietnam before 1954

It is hard to indicate to a specific day of the month when English was introduced into Vietnam. But what is certain is that the linguistic communication was taught in Vietnam from the Gallic times and that although English made its presence in Vietnam during this period, it did non go a foreign linguistic communication to be learned every bit widely as Gallic.

It is non rather clear either how English was taught in this period for a figure of grounds. First, there are no extant Hagiographas on the instruction of English in Vietnam. Second, there are no extant English text editions written by Vietnamese writers ; what are left today are some English text editions in usage by that clip which were written by Gallic text edition authors such as LE?anglais Vivant: Classe de sixieme, LE?anglais Vivant Classes de troisieme ( 1942 ) and some bilingual English-Vietnamese lexicons compiled by two Vietnamese bookmans known as Le Ba Kong and Le Ba Khanh. It can be infer ruddy from the contents of those text editions that although some attending was paid to pronunciation drills and reading accomplishments, the predominating method of learning English in Vietnam before 1954 was the grammar-translation method.

6.1.1.2. English in Vietnam from 1954 to 1975

1954 – 1975 was the period when Vietnam was divided into two parts – North and South. In this period, each portion of the state was politically allied with a universe world power: North Vietnam was allied with the former Soviet Union and South Vietnam, with the USA. The position of English, therefore, was different in each portion of the state. In South Vietnam, English was the dominant foreign linguistic communication ; it was studied for direct interactions with the USA. In North Vietnam, in contrast, although four foreign linguistic communications ( Russian, Chinese, Gallic, and English ) were recognized nationally, Russian topped the list in the formal educational system ; and like English in the South, Russian in the North was studied for direct interactions with the former Soviet Union. As Russian dominated the foreign linguistic communication scene in North Vietnam, English was relegated to an inferior position. In upper secondary schools, it was taught merely in some categories in towns and in large metropoliss as a pilot topic ( Nguyen Nhat Quang, 1993: 1 ) . At third degree, there were two foreign linguistic communication establishments that offered English as a subject, viz. , The Hanoi Foreign Languages TeachersE? Training College ( presently The University of Languages and International surveies, Vietnam National University Hanoi ) and The College of Foreign Languages ( presently The University of Hanoi ) . Apart from those establishments, some universities offered English as a topic. However, due to the limited usage of English in North Vietnam in this period, the ends of larning the linguistic communication seemed to be confined merely to understanding the USA and to contending against the US invasion on the diplomatic forepart.

6.1.2 English in Vietnam from 1975 to 1986

The period of 1975 – 1986 was characterized by the laterality of Russian and the diminution of English and French, peculiarly of Chinese in foreign linguistic communication instruction in Vietnam. In this period, Chinese was cast off from the formal educational system, and the marks set for Russian, English and French were approximately as follows: 70 % of the school students would analyze Russian ; 20 % , English and 10 % , Gallic. At third degree, Russian continued to rule in the North. This can be seen in the fact that the figure of pupils majoring in Russian in this period ever far exceeded the combined registrations of all other foreign linguistic communications. In the South, Russian survey started to turn really fast: Russian sections with the whole academic staffs coming from the North were established in many universities and the figure of pupils inscribing in Russian both as a subject and as a topic started to increase. The spread of Russian was further strengthened by Russian AIDSs in instruction: 100s of Vietnamese instructors and pupils were sent yearly to the former Soviet Union for both undergraduate and graduate surveies. When Russian dominated the scene, English suffered a reverse ; it was taught in a limited figure of categories in upper secondary schools, peculiarly in towns and large metropoliss. At third degree, the figure of pupils inscribing for English both as a subject and as a topic besides decreased.

It was noted, nevertheless, that in this period a little figure of Vietnamese instructors and translators of English were chosen and sent to Britain, Australia, New Zealand and India for alumnus surveies in English linguistic communication instruction. The preparation programmes of Britain, Australia and New Zealand were terminated in 1979 when Vietnam involved in Cambodia. In 1985, Australia resumed its English preparation for Vietnam under a UNDP Programme until 1992 and from 1992 it was done under a bilateral assistance programme between Australia and Vietnam, foremost known as AIDAB ( Australian International Development Assistance Bureau ) and so as AusAID ( Australian Agency for International Development ) , 40 Vietnamese instructors and translators of English were sent to Australia yearly to set about alumnus surveies in English linguistic communication instruction ( californium. Make Huy Thinh 2006 ) . This programme was terminated in early 2000s.

The content of English instruction in Vietnam in this period followed both the “ adopt ” and the “ adapt ” attack to stuff development. The predominating method of learning English was the structural method with a focal point on lexico grammar, reading and interlingual rendition accomplishments. Students were foremost introduced to a sentence form ; so they were taught to utilize permutation and transmutation techniques to bore in this sentence form ; so they were asked to do up new sentences based on this sentence form ; and eventually, as a signifier of consolidation, they were asked to interpret their made-up sentences into Vietnamese and frailty versa. Some attending was paid to the instruction of unwritten accomplishments, peculiarly to bettering linguistic communication truth, but because the new sentences were created without context, the eloquence facet of linguistic communication instruction was sacrificed.

6.1.3 English in Vietnam from 1986 up to the present

The period from 1986 up to the present is characterized by the rapid growing and enlargement of English in Vietnam. This English roar began in December 1986, when at its Six National Congress the Vietnamese Communist Party initiated an overall economic reform known as A?a»•i ma»›i ( Renovation ) , opening the door of Vietnam to the whole universe. In the context of economic redevelopment and of the unfastened door policy, English becomes the first ( and about the lone ) foreign linguistic communication to be taught in Vietnam. It is one of the six national scrutinies that pupils have to go through if they want to acquire the Secondary School Education Certificate and is a compulsory topic for both undergraduates and alumnuss at third degree. In a new market economic system of Vietnam with the growing of international concerns and trades, and the increasing figure of foreign tourers, the ability to pass on in English has become a passport to a better occupation non merely in the touristry and cordial reception industries but in many other endeavors as good. English is taught in schools, in universities and in flushing foreign linguistic communication Centres across the state. There are now more instructors and pupils of English than of any other topics. Further, the A?a»•i ma»›i newspaper has created climb force per unit areas for more and more topographic points to learn English at every phase of the far-expanding educational system. At the same clip the fast procedure of globalisation – the strongest external force for English linguistic communication instruction and acquisition in Vietnam – has made it hard to keep the bing and true low criterions in its instruction and usage. Increasingly, it was being realized in decision-making organic structures that without major alterations and ample inputs in its course of study and classs, methodological analysis and stuffs, English instruction in Vietnam would shortly ceased to efficaciously function the demands being made on it. This has resulted in the current state of affairs of English linguistic communication learning in Vietnam which I will be concerned with in the subdivisions that follow.

6.1.4 Problems Experienced in Teaching English in Vietnam

The booming of English in Vietnam has caused the state a figure of jobs which can be presented below.

First, there is a disproportional demand-supply. With a population of over 85 million, of whom a ample proportion have a strong desire to larn English, the demand for English linguistic communication learning far outstrips the supply of native talker and competent non-native talker instructors.

Second, text edition authorship and instructor retraining are the two of import facets to implement its course of study. As motioned, text edition authorship has been completed, but to make monolithic and long term retraining of instructors in English competency would demand manpower and logistic resources beyond the capacity of the system at present. This job will be compounded when Vietnam starts to transport out the new 10-year National Plan to present English nationally.

Third, despite the importance of English in the new context of integrating and globalisation, English linguistic communication instruction in Vietnam, due to its low quality, has non met the demand for competent English-speaking people. The chief grounds are that ( I ) most of the English instructors, peculiarly those who are learning at primary and lower secondary degrees are disqualified, ( two ) most instructors, except some who are learning at third degree, have non had a opportunity to analyze in an English-speaking state, and that ( three ) many of them do non usually pass on in English and can non prolong learning that chiefly depends on communicative interactions.

Fourthly, there are schoolroom restraints: schools are frequently located in noisy topographic points, with hapless airing, overloaded beyond their capacity to categories of 50 or even 60s, with hapless libraries and ill paid staff. Better instructors frequently go to the metropoliss to seek employment in non-teaching Fieldss or leave the profession for other occupations in the state. There are the material restraints excessively: tape recording equipments, electronic equipment, and linguistic communication lab do non be in mean schools except in the metropoliss and in flush private establishments. The lone certain AIDSs available are the chalkboard and sometimes a cassette participant, and the frequent voice heard is the instructor based on what she makes of the dayE?s text edition lesson. To do affairs worse, category contact hours are few ( merely 2 or 3 hours a hebdomad ) .

Fifthly, although the rhetoric of the Vietnamese Ministry of Education and Training stresses the development of practical communicating accomplishments, this is seldom reflected at the schoolroom degree, where the accent is on the development of reading comprehension, vocabulary and structural forms for the intents of go throughing the end-of-school and university entryway scrutinies into colleges or universities. New teacher developing programmes pre-service and in-service alike have been designed and delivered with a focal point on developing communicative instructors in a command to turn to the mistakes of learning methodological analysis. Unfortunately, non much betterment in footings of learning methods has been noticed in English categories. During the preparation classs, Vietnamese instructors show great involvement in new methodological analysiss, but after they return from those classs, they continue learning in the old methods.

Sixthly, there is a mismatch between proving and learning in English linguistic communication learning in Vietnam. While learning follows the communicative attack, proving seems to concentrate on mensurating studentsE? lexico grammatical cognition. To do affairs more complex, at third degree, what the Vietnamese third establishments do is to follow either TOEFL or TOEIC or IELTS as the chief yardstick to mensurate the studentE?s cognition and accomplishments in English. These instruments, as is known, are suited for mensurating the cognition and accomplishments of English of those pupils who are traveling to analyze either in Britain or in the USA or in an English-speaking state.

And eventually, the fact that English is introduced into primary schools in Vietnam makes some people express their concern about the negative effects that early debut of English is holding on national individuality ( californium. Crystal 2000, Nunan 2003 ) .

Harmonizing to Trang ( 2010 ) in learning IELTS at Vietnam National University, Hanoi, this job can be tackled through replying the undermentioned inquiries:

1. From lectors ‘ position, what are their biggest troubles when learning IELTS talking to Vietnamese pupils at university degree?

2. From pupils ‘ position, what are lectors ‘ troubles when learning IELTS speech production?

3. What learning techniques do lectors propose to get the better of those troubles?

In short, to reply research inquiry figure 1 and 2, the following Table 20 amounts up the most common troubles of lectors when learning IELTS in different parts of the speaking trial:

Table 21. The most common difficults of lectors when learning IELTS

To reply research inquiry figure 3, assorted solutions suggested by the interviewed lectors include:

– To cut down the size of the IELTS category to the smallest if it is possible.

– To do the IELTS schoolroom environment less formal and more friendly, one where pupils can do errors without looking or sounding inept.

– To take the subject that relates to the pupils and that is easy for the pupils to speak about.

– To promote pupils non to be afraid of doing errors.

– To stress the usage of in writing organisers to assist the pupils to be after a clearer and more structural.

– To giving helpful feedback on pupils ‘ work and assignments through out assorted methods such as whole-group feedback ; assignment return sheets ; theoretical account replies ; posting remarks of common mistakes.

– To seek to rectify pupils merely when the significance is ill-defined and consequences in communicating dislocation.

– To state the pupils to utilize as much of English as they can, avoid talking Vietnamese in category.

– The pupils ‘ speaking clip should be more than the instructor ‘s speaking clip.

– To do the pupils aware that they can utilize the cue card as the construction of the talk.

– To inquire the pupils to utilize some IT application at place to assist them to better their pronunciation, they can enter their ain address, listen to the native talker and copy them.

6.2 The impact of accommodating the process-oriented attack on EFL scholars ‘ authorship public presentation

Writing in English is a accomplishment that is frequently neglected in Vietnamese secondary school authorship categories, partially because the current text editions do non hold any authorship activities and besides because instructors find composing rather a dashing chance in their categories. However, larning to compose in English has officially been brought into the course of study as one of the needed accomplishments for Vietnamese pupils, who are in lower-secondary schools ( classs 8 and 9 ) since the school twelvemonth 2004-2005 and in upper-secondary schools since the school twelvemonth 2006-2007.

In the upper-secondary school context, where exposure to English is typically limited to three periods each hebdomad, pupils receive small pattern in composing in English, merely one period ( 45 proceedingss ) per unit. When they do write, they find themselves baffled with word pick, grammatical usage, organisation and coevals of thoughts. They tend to interpret thoughts from female parent lingua into English, express thoughts in long sentences, and are non cognizant of different sorts of authorship, therefore doing them unable to compose in existent life. Because of limited background cognition, they frequently feel bored when making written work, particularly when missing support and motive from instructors.

Furthermore, pupils show small cognition about how to compose a contextually appropriate paper and how to develop their procedure of composing. Unfortunately, the force per unit areas of the formative trials and summational scrutinies force English instructors to concentrate their attending on grammatical regulations, lingual truth and pupils ‘ concluding “ piece of work ” alternatively of functional linguistic communication accomplishments. Due to pupils ‘ low degree proficiency, clip restraints and low motive, composing still remains ignored. Teaching English authorship in Vietnamese upper-secondary schools is a ambitious occupation for many Vietnamese English instructors because it requires non merely high linguistic communication competency among the instructors themselves, but besides the application of appropriate composing direction. The world of learning English authorship at Ly Tu Trong specialized upper-secondary school has revealed that most pupils have jobs in composing. Their jobs every bit good as grounds are as follows:

6.2.1 The overview of the development of composing ability

Although authorship dramas an indispensable function in the four basic linguistic communication accomplishments, it has long been ignored in Vietnamese secondary schools. Harmonizing to the national scrutiny format ( see Appendix II ) , reading ability is still regarded as the most of import accomplishment. As for formative and summational trials, composing is non included, therefore doing it hard to actuate pupils to compose in category. Compared with the other three accomplishments, authorship is considered excessively complicated to learn. Some instructors do non experience confident about their ain English and shy off from planing composing undertakings or acquiring pupils to compose more than merely grammatical exercisings. Sometimes instructors do non hold adequate thoughts to assist pupils.

In world, most instructors follow what the undertakings in the text edition require, and do nil more about it. They may even allow pupils copy the theoretical accounts from the alleged “ How to ” book. It could be obvious that composing is non of import plenty to learn in the category and that it occupies a lower place in Vietnamese upper-secondary English schoolrooms. It is non surprising, as a consequence, that this reading-dominated rule and the test-oriented attack conveying approximately negative effects to upper-secondary alumnuss, who will subsequently have many ailments about their deficiency of competency of hearing, speech production and composing accomplishments.

6.2.2 Emphasis on linguistic communication truth

Writing direction in Vietnam is carried out under the authorization of a nationally unified course of study and the national scrutiny system. Although the Vietnamese upper-secondary English Syllabus involves developing four functional linguistic communication accomplishments, the trial and scrutiny formats extremely value right lingual signifiers alternatively of pupils ‘ development of originative idea. The desire for high graduation base on balls rates among upper-secondary schools topographic points English instructors in a quandary. Under huge force per unit area, English instructors must concentrate on learning right linguistic communication signifiers and test-oriented accomplishments instead than assisting pupils develop their originative thought and linguistic communication accomplishments for communicative intents.

Furthermore, most writing activities in the Vietnamese upper-secondary course of study, particularly Tieng Anh 10, are designed on the footing of the product-oriented attack, in which pupils are encouraged to mime a theoretical account text, which is normally presented and analyzed at an early phase. This discourages pupils ‘ creativeness because they can non utilize their ain experiences to show themselves. All they have to make is to reply comprehension inquiries, to make full in the spaces with the provided information, or to construct complete sentences utilizing the given cues in order to do a meaningful missive, and so on. This controlled composing format hinders instructors in seeking new attacks to composing direction. Teacher feedback focuses more on grammatical and lexical mistakes alternatively of meaning-oriented geographic expedition. In brief, under such a course of study, pupils are chiefly evaluated by their trial tonss.

6.2.3 Lack of assortment of appraisal

In Vietnamese upper-secondary school context, it has long been the tradition that instructors are responsible for rectifying their pupils ‘ authorship. Therefore, pupils write for the instructor, non for themselves, and as a consequence, instructors are the lone audience for whom pupils gain experience authorship. One consequence of this is that composing instructors are frequently overloaded with the undertaking of giving feedback to and rectifying pupils ‘ authorship. This has led to the state of affairs in which teacher-controlled feedback still remains dominant in Vietnamese English authorship schoolrooms.

It is widely held that upper-secondary school English instructors chiefly concentrate on the rectification of grammar and spelling errors. They assume that such mistakes need to be eradicated instantly, and that the best manner to assist pupils is rectifying all the mistakes in their authorship in order to assist pupils do advancement. However, this traditional intervention is said to hold no important influence on pupils. From my observations, some good pupils do non wish such a manner. They feel discouraged and humiliated when holding their authorship documents marked with a batch of suggested rectification. In some instances, some pupils merely take a glimpse at what the instructor has corrected, while many others may non even look at the corrections.

It is besides found that upper-secondary school pupils are ne’er asked to revise their work for betterments based on the instructor ‘s feedback. The first bill of exchanges are ever the concluding 1s. It is merely because there are excessively many pupils in a category, and most categories are assorted ability ; alteration may go a load to the instructors as marker and correcting is time-consuming. They could non pull off it when they have merely 45 proceedingss allocated for each composing lesson. They sometimes feel guilty because they are unable to rectify all mistakes for pupils or to work through all their written work. This consequences in a outlook in which pupils fail to believe carefully and deeply about their mistakes.

Due to the fact that pupils are inactive in the schoolroom, they of course feel uncomfortable with concerted interaction that requires them to take an active function. Most pupils are likely to believe that composing in English, merely like composing in Vietnamese, is single work, non a collaborative attempt. They are non accustomed to partner off work or group work when they do the authorship. They ne’er portion their written texts with their equals in order to acquire feedback every bit good as to larn from their friends ‘ written merchandises. Consequently, the teacher-led appraisal makes composing meaningless and unproductive ; pupil creativeness and action are hindered, and therefore motive and proficiency in composing remain low.A

On recognizing pupils ‘ jobs of English authorship, I assume that the product-oriented attacks and the instructor ‘s traditional intervention of authorship, to some extent, have now been disproved, detering pupils from composing in English in composing schoolrooms. Therefore, what English composing instructors in upper-secondary schools need to make is to better the quality of pupils ‘ pieces of authorship, to give them a more concerted acquisition environment, and to promote them to portion their written merchandises with their equals ‘ .

The research worker has been doing an attempt to seek pedagogical methods which could assist cover with the mentioned jobs. And presume that accommodating the process-oriented attack could be a more effectual scheme. Many surveies on the effectivity of this attack have proved that it can be applied in EFL composing categories to work out the above jobs. Theoretically, this procedure attack calls for supplying and keeping a positive, encouraging and collaborative workshop environment ( Silva & A ; Matsuda, 2002, pp. 261 ) . Related to my pupils ‘ jobs, so the research worker would wish to carry on an experimental survey in order to prove whether accommodating the process-oriented attack could hold a positive impact on upper-secondary school pupils ‘ quality of authorship.

6.3 Case survey and plan for learning EFL scientific authorship to Vietnamese research workers

The market for English in Vietnam is huge for a assortment of grounds. Culturally speech production, the extended importing of English-language movies, music, games and Television series, non to advert international societal networking, has created a generalised beginning of tangible societal force per unit area.

Academically talking, English has become a prison guard to chance. Entrance to many Vietnamese graduate student plans, even in countries where such a nexus would look unlikely, such as nursing, is extremely dependent on public presentation in trials of English reading comprehension. Furthermore, being the linguistic communication in which the overpowering bulk of proficient diaries with higher impact factors publish, English follows the Vietnamese research worker throughout his calling, adding the demand of competent written production to breadth of reading.

Science and societal scientific discipline writers who want to print internationally but have non acquired the necessary degree to compose straight in English must shop around for a interlingual rendition service. Investing in such a service, which is frequently costly, may be rewarded with surprise when diary peer-reviewers remark on the deficiency of scientific or even English linguistic communication competence in their articles. Such writers have small resort but to maintain hunting for a better service in an expensive trial-and-error procedure while their articles collect practical dust as they fall behind in research quotas and funding competition. Those writers able to stand for their research clearly in English often seek out aid in the signifier of a text redaction or alteration service to conform linguistic communication and manner to appropriate degrees. Such aid, nevertheless, is non a warrant of success, which finally lies in the strength of the original text that is being corrected.

Although Vietnamese scientific end product and its impact are clearly multifactorial issues, for good or for ailment, English linguistic communication instruction has become a functional requirement for Vietnamese scientists. However, the type of instruction presently available in the Vietnamese EFL market does non impart itself to academic production although trial readying classs, by and large in the signifier of VIP private tutoring, may be found at a limited figure of schools. Therefore, despite averments that “ the second-language scholar who really achieves native-speaker competency can non perchance have been taught this competency ” ( Selinker, 1972, p. 212-213 ) , the development of an academic authorship class who goals include written look on a degree acceptable for publication in the international scientific literature should be seen both as a necessity and an chance. In this context, such a class, although affecting an exportable construct, must be steadfastly rooted in the constructions of Vietnamese Portuguese and English to such a grade as to eschew the engagement of international publishing houses and any aspiration of “ monoglot materialsaˆ¦without respect to pupils ‘ L1 ” ( Cook, 1998, p.118 ) .

The plan involved three faculties that are outlined in more item below: a basic or background faculty on systematically troublesome grammar elements, an redacting faculty dwelling of assorted group exercises affecting the rectification of antecedently submitted articles from their research group, and a interlingual rendition faculty in which the pupils translated sections of articles they or co-workers had written and presented them to the group for analysis.

6.3.1 The Background faculty

As antecedently stated, the Background faculty was non a ground-up attack because of the pupils ‘ more advanced reading degree. Another of import factor weighed into the attack was that because there is adequate similarity to justify scholarly argument whether English is really a love affair linguistic communication ( Gachelin, 1990 ) , the linguistic communication brace lends itself to a complimentary instruction construction, i.e. , one that emphasizes differences ( non-similarities ) between the linguistic communications alternatively of handling them as stiffly distinct and foreign systems. Therefore, this faculty focused on countries in which the two linguistic communication systems clashed, where, observed from my experience as a text redact, Vietnamese research workers assume and enforce fossilised L1 constructions on English that can go against anything from good manner to basic understandability. Such subjects, which follow with a lower limit of account, are outlined in Table 21 below:

Table 22. Content of Background faculty of EFL scientific discipline composing class

6.3.2 The Editing faculty

The Editing faculty represented the beginning of the practical constituent of the class. It consisted of group exercises affecting manuscripts that had been antecedently corrected for the survey group. An uncorrected text was projected on a screen with a picture projector and a patterned advance of group exercisings was carried out. Exercises began with sentences singled out to foreground specific jobs covered in the Background faculty, such as preposition usage or word order. A sentence was given and pupils were asked if there was anything incorrect with the sentence. If no 1 perceived the error, the job word or words were pointed out: “ What about this? ” The weaker the response by the group, the more elaborate the account and the stronger the support would be.

Beyond the black-and-white instances, more elusive miscollocations were dealt with by holding the pupils take bends revising sentences. A pupil would make over a complete sentence without holding been prompted about any possible mistakes and his version would be entered on the screen below the original. The group would be asked to compare the sentences, depicting the alterations made and the possible logical thinking behind them. The pupil would be given a opportunity to explicate his picks and so the version I had prepared was compared to the other two, if necessary. Valid alternate phrasing suggested by the pupils was encouraged ; they were reminded that the end was to excite their ain more reliable English production, and non to merely copy another author ‘s manner. The thought was to utilize sentences that could be resolved and explained by logic instead than by reasoning “ it merely sounds right/better ” . Even if aesthetics was appealed to, the mechanics behind it were stressed every bit much as possible to show that they could accomplish naturalness by concluding in topographic points where native-speakers relied on “ replete ” . This type of exercising was expanded to the paragraph degree, with the end of working on a full text together.

Bear in head that the application of the Background faculty was non purely chronological in the general order of the class ; some errors in the Editing faculty called for a reappraisal of old stuff and others called for wholly new lessons unanticipated in the original planning. Drills, warm-ups, reexamine and/or new background subjects were presented each category since an overlong group text redacting exercising could go boring.

6.3.3 The Translation faculty

The Translation faculty was to follow a reasonably similar form as the Editing faculty, but was non exhaustively explored by the clip the class was concluded after approximately 10 hebdomads. The primary difference was that, due to the demand for careful single idea and the longer clip involved in interlingual rendition, an full abstract was assigned for interlingual rendition at place and pupil work was compared on a sentence-by-sentence footing in category, with the pupils noticing on each other ‘s work and geting at the best version. Although I stepped in where I felt it was necessary, I tried to hang back and allow the comparing procedure itself raise pupil consciousness. Dialog in this faculty would needfully include Retsker ‘s ( 1974, p. 9 ) constructs of equality, analogy and adequateness whereby pupils would get schemes for covering with assorted degrees of correspondence between the grammatical relationship and semantic characteristics of the two linguistic communications.

6.3.4 Consequences and treatment

Student response of the class, which was merely informally measured by attending and confab, and therefore will be mentioned merely in passing, seemed rather positive. However, the class could be more to the full developed, particularly the Translation faculty. The concluding aim of equal ( i.e. , co-worker ) reviewed self-translation must be reached for writers to get at a greater province of duty for their ain production. An first-class decision for such a class would be to follow a survey group through the full procedure of manuscript creative activity and entry to a scientific diary for publication, including letters to the editor and covering with the corrections required by the diary ‘s referees, hopefully stoping in successful publication.

It should be commented that the particular fortunes of this group of pupils both facilitated and hindered the procedure. Group coherence was really high due to their shared university coursework, research undertakings and in some instances internship, which led to a friendly, non-competitive ambiance when reviewing each other ‘s work. Gaffes were non punitorily censured by the group, and this openness made them really easy to learn. The lone hinderance in the group moral force was exhaustion from their battalion of activities. Classs were held on a weeknight from 8:00pm until about 10:00 after most had studied and put in a full twenty-four hours at their internships, so even though motive was non missing at that place was a limited supply of energy left. However, this is barely idiosyncratic and should truly be taken as a basic societal world for any such group taught in Vietnam.

Any direct, systematic attack to good composing itself, apart from the SVO lesson and passing illustrations in the Editing faculty was left out of the class design although it merits treatment. Whether there exists such a thing as cosmopolitan sound composing rules that can be taught outside the bounds of a peculiar linguistic communication in the same sense as Chomskian accent “ on universal instead than language-specific facets of linguistic communication and linguistic communication acquisition ” ( Cook, 1998, p.118 ) is an interesting inquiry. In this instance, it could be narrowed down to “ what are the trademarks of a well-written scientific article? ” To turn to this, a study of the most influential articles in a given subject could be made and the resulting list of articles gathered for analysis.

Self-translation as opposed to direct authorship in the mark linguistic communication ( in this instance English ) is another country that warrants geographic expedition since it is of import for a figure of grounds in a class such as this. First and first, an original in the female parent lingua ( L1 ) leaves a procedure trail that can be used to measure the success of the merchandise in the mark linguistic communication. In my experience revising manuscripts, I have found that it would frequently be easier to make a new interlingual rendition from the original than to decode the purpose of a severely handled interlingual rendition entirely. However, in the Translation faculty of such a class the writers of a text used in category would besides be pupils and, of course, present to clear up purpose. Therefore, holding a base text in L1 would extinguish most uncertainty in an nonsubjective manner for the remainder of the pupils and would besides assist the remainder of the pupils more clearly visualise the writer ‘s ideas. Furthermore, prewriting in L1 and so interpreting produces a completed prototext as an excess measure for writer contemplation, which could be helpful for the concluding merchandise, at least piece at the pupil degree. Finally, harmonizing to Balboni ( 2011, p.1 ) ,

“ interlingual rendition can be a motivational activity if the text is really actuating ” . It could be easy argued that under such fortunes, self-translation would be the most motivation of any possible exercising.

Self-translation besides differs from interpreting third-party work in that the writer, harmonizing to Menakhem Perry ( cited by Grutman ) , “ can let himself bold displacements from the beginning text which, had it been done by another transcriber, likely would non hold passed as an equal interlingual rendition ” ( Grutman, 1998, p.18 ) . The manuscript would still be ‘live ‘ at this point since non merely the writer would be present, but ( in the instance of the experimental class ) co-workers from the same academic scene and research group who were prosecuting the same terminals and involved in the research being written about. The interlingual rendition work and its equal reappraisal in such a schoolroom puting therefore becomes a natural branch of the research itself, lending to and fostering the larger scientific procedure. In this instance, hence, we have an interesting melding of intents: the ongoing ( physical therapy ) instruction procedure under the counsel of the responsible professor/s, which additions coherence through the research undertaking, which is so reviewed and clarified in composing the article in L1, to which is appended the EFL educational end whereby, in a class such as that soon described, the article undergoes a 2nd unit of ammunition of alteration and rethinking by the original writers, under the counsel of the EFL professor, before traveling on to the concluding stairss of the publication procedure and happening a topographic point in the scientific literature. The inquiry arises whether a class such as this could be given on an single footing, since cohesive groups may be difficult to come by. First of wholly, much is gained by the group dynamic, such as the equal reappraisal factor mentioned above and below. The group dynamic besides lends itself to a more unfastened, descriptive attack that can lend thoughts, whereas an single working with a coach may be more disposed to fall into a normative form and stop up merely cloning the manner of the coach, which is great for pronunciation, but could make dependence for composing. The perennial drawback of the group attack is deficiency of single attending, so the size of any group should be controlled. Engagement in an overly big group could really be worse than analyzing separately. A good ( although more time-consuming ) program would be to supply a group category and auxiliary tutoring Sessionss for pupils holding problem.

Grammatically talking, a survey of the verb tenses by article subdivision could be included in the class. For illustration, as mentioned above, the hard present perfect tense frequently appears in the debut subdivision when practising the history of research in a certain country so far. Calls for farther survey and description of survey restrictions in the treatment subdivisions will often use modals. Consistent usage of the past tense is called for in the methods, etc.

There a figure of degrees on which Vietnamese could derive from such an attack to EFL authorship. First, as the linguist Paolo Torresan maintains ( 2011 ) , “ a error is a gift to the category. ” I mean to state by this that there is benefit to be derived from an scrutiny of the lingua franca miscollocations propagated in a great many articles, both those published and those denied publication, by Vietnamese writers. From such errors, a district of Portuguese and English system clang can be mapped out by agencies of which Vietnamese research workers can be sensitized to countries where Lusitanian linguistic communication parametric quantities do non reassign. Second, the equal reappraisal constituent of such a class will assist sensitise writers to the demand for lucidity in their authorship, non merely because their ain co-workers will necessitate to read their production in category ( and non simply some faceless referees from some far-off diary ) , but to show their ideas in such a manner as to impart them to exportation, which can take to the exposure they desire for their research. The concluding benefit of such instruction applied on a big and consistent adequate graduated table would be that the general lingual quality of Vietnamese scientific authorship would better, taking dearly-won mediators from the publication procedure and taking to more legion and citable publications. Hence, see the Appendix III for more information about the TESOL English class course of study that design to Vietnamese scholar to assist them derive the accomplishments above.

6.4 About English Teacher Training by the IFTS programme and its adaptability to current demands of English instructor preparation in Vietnam

The subdivision studies on an appraising reappraisal of the English Education Program by the IFTS and its adaptability to current demands of English instructor preparation in Vietnam by concentrating on both strengths and failings identified through the analysis of the plan based on the related theories, theoretical accounts and old empirical research and comparing of the present plan with the predating English linguistic communication teacher instruction plan. The research shows that the plan has more strengths than the failings it does. It was seen that pedagogical and theory constituents are rather good covered. Consequently, a figure of suggestions are offered to the stakeholders in the deductions of the critical rating. In shutting, the survey stresses the importance of systematic rating for educating and developing extremely qualified English linguistic communication instructors and successful foreign linguistic communication instruction.

6.4.1 What does the IFTS instructor preparation programme include and how is it delivered?

Harmonizing to ( Martyn & A ; Ha, 1999 ) , the preparation plan content is derived from the pre-course and during-course demands analyses, and from the old experiences of others who have trained non-native speech production instructors in developmental contexts ( for illustration, Clarke, 1991 ; Doff, 1988 ; Richards, 1998 ; Spratt, 1994 ; Willis, 1986 ; Harmer, 1991 ; Ur, 1996 ) . The plan content is selected being mindful of the societal context within which English linguistic communication instructors ( ELTs ) work in Vietnam, and the plan is antiphonal to the restraints of such contexts ( see Holliday, 1994 ; Tollefson, 1995 ) . The needs analyses and the old experiences of others have resulted in a plan content that is delivered flexibly and that may include the undermentioned wide, general subjects:

Language Proficiency and Communication Skills

Theories of Teaching ( General Teaching and Language Teaching Methodologies )

Practice of Teaching ( General Skills and Specific Language Teaching Skills )

Capable Matter Knowledge ( for illustration, the System of the Language ; Second Language Acquisition Research )

Classroom Based and Learner-Centered Observation and Decision Making Skills and Pedagogical Reasoning Skills

Contextual Knowledge ( The Understanding of and Adapting to Specific Contexts )

In the old Program for ELTs from specialized non-language universities these significant, general subject countries were expanded to the undermentioned countries:

Language Development for Language Teachers

Introduction to Action Research for Language Teachers

Self-Access and Independent Learning Skills for Language Teachers

Empirical Approaches to Language Teaching

Classroom Management Skills for Language Teachers

Introduction to Classroom Observation and Research for Language Teachers

Language Learner Styles

Language Learning Schemes

Language Learning Tasks

Learner-Centered Approaches to Language Teaching

Teaching the Four Language Macro-Skills

Teaching Large Classs

Teaching Mixed-Ability Classs

Teaching ‘Weak ‘ Classs

It is stressed that each of the above class constituents is developed to different grades of deepness depending on the demands of the participants. It would be impossible to cover all the above countries to the deepness required in the limited clip available. The ‘depth ‘ that is developed may change from a simple debut of the construct, to an extended and intensive 3- or 4-week class constituent. The instructor trainers in audience with their participants are free to make up one’s mind which facets of the plan content are focused on.

The bringing of this plan content has other ‘peculiarities ‘ in the Vietnamese context. Besides the fact that no facet of the content is prescribed, teacher trainers and the participants have entree to an extended and accessible resource Centre. This Centre contains a broad scope of mention texts, class books, cassette tapes, pictures, diaries, and newspapers. The Centre besides provides instructor trainers and participants with entree to the Internet. The plans have administrative support including entree to run offing installations and services. These facets of plan bringing are unusual in a developmental context, but add to the value of the plan results.

The rating and appraisal of both the success of the application of the methodological analysiss used in the plans to accomplish the plan purposes, and of the acquisition of the participants is done utilizing as assortment of formative and summational rating and appraisal techniques.

6.4.2 Any advanced parts of IFTS English teacher developing programme for English instructor preparation in Vietnam? If so, what is the advanced thing?

Harmonizing to ( Coskun & A ; Daloglu, 2010 ) , there are some recommended advanced things:

1. Courses should be restructured to run into the practical, teaching-related demands of the pupil instructors. It would be just to propose that instructors should integrate more micro-teaching and schoolroom observation opportunities in pedagogic classs.

2. The theory and the pattern constituents of the plan should be balanced as at that place seems to be a feeling among many pupils that the plan puts more accent on the theory instead than the pattern. A teacher instruction plan should merely be neither theoretical ( received cognition ) nor practical ( experiential cognition ) and the parts of a teacher instruction plan reflect the harmoniousness of both cognition and application ( Ur, 1992 ) .

3. The school experience class should get down earlier in the plan and should be allocated more clip and importance for experiential acquisition. As Enginarlar ( 1996 ) stated, one school experience class with really limited hours of observation and existent instruction would non do to fix pupil instructors for learning profession. Besides, readying to learn in more than one degree, such as the simple and secondary degrees is a necessity because most pupil instructors do non cognize where they will be learning. Teachers at the universities, and wise man instructors and decision makers at schools where the school experience classs are carried out drama critical functions in practice-based classs. Therefore, these people should be trained plenty to understand the importance of these classs for instructor campaigners and be cognizant of their duties within these classs. The quality of the mentoring is of import as a agency of instructor development. Besides the school-university cooperation should be strengthened for more effectual practice-based classs.

4. There is a demand to hold a class in the plan to assist pupil instructors to portion thoughts and acquire feedback about their school experience class and reflect on their instruction patterns so that they can set up the nexus between theory and the pattern.

5. Teachers should utilize more modern instruction techniques. Lecturing should be abandoned and the degree of memorisation involved in the plan should be reduced.

6. Using presentation as a instruction and acquisition technique should be approached more critically by the teachers because about all pupil instructors complained about the fact that presentations are overused in some classs.

7. Courses relevant to student instructors ‘ lingual competency should be increased in figure.

8. English preparatory instruction for plan pupil instructors is necessary to better enable them to cover with the classs offered in the plan more efficaciously. Those who fail to show sufficient English linguistic communication proficiency should hold an extra one twelvemonth of basic English linguistic communication instruction.

9. There is a demand for more elected classs offered in the plan. Analyzing the assortment of elected classs offered in different English instructor preparation sections, SanlA± ( 2009 ) found that the assortment of these classs is really limited and more options about these classs should be given to pupil instructors.

10. As at that place seems to be merely one class, Classroom Management, straight related to pupils ‘ managerial competency, there is a demand for new classs to better pupils ‘ managerial competency so that pupil instructors can cover with possible jobs they may see in their hereafter working environments.

11. Literature classs should be approached as a tool for learning English.

12. To avoid convergences among different classs, instructors should work in cooperation, coaction and integrating to see convergences and decide dissensions in class contents.

13. There is a demand for a clear plan doctrine reflected into the plan. Wallace ( 1991 ) attracts attending to the demand for a clearly stated doctrine in teacher instruction plans.

14. A class called “ Orientation ” should be offered to assist pupils make up one’s mind about their hereafter callings.

15. Teachers should be on a regular basis evaluated by pupils so that instructors can both better themselves and therefore the plan. For a constructive, manageable and regular usage of pupil rating, Daloglu ‘s ( 1998 ) theoretical account including three chief constituents ( content of the class, learning techniques employed in the lessons, and assignments and appraisal processs ) can be used as many pupils seem to kick largely about these there facets of the current plan.

In add-on to the above list of plan constituents in demand of betterment from both instructors and pupils ‘ point of positions, there are certain facets of the plan that needs to be maintained. First of wholly, the relationship between instructors and pupil instructors is favourable. Besides, the theory portion of the plan is rather strong. Student instructors ‘ engagement in the determinations made about the content of some classs is another good point to observe down. Courses related to stuffs development besides seem to be favored by both pupil instructors and teachers. The add-on of some classs in the new plan ( e.g. learning four accomplishments, literature and linguistic communication instruction ) and the separation of the listening class from the talking class in the new plan are regarded as positive alterations by the teachers. Finally, classs affecting pattern opportunities for pupil instructors are the 1s that should be maintained in the plan.

6.4.3 General rating of the IFTS English teacher developing programme

Strengths of the plan

Harmonizing to KarakaAY ( 2012 ) , the new plan includes freshly added compulsory classs which were non available in the former one such as “ hearing and pronunciation ” , “ 2nd foreign linguistic communication ” and “ community service ” . Besides, contents and names of the several classs have been changed. To exemplify, ‘English grammar ‘ was named as ‘contextual grammar ‘ , and ‘English literature ‘ as ‘literature and linguistic communication instruction ‘ . Some incorporate classs like listening and talking were separated from one another and were added into the course of study as ‘listening and pronunciation ‘ and ‘oral communicating accomplishments ‘ . To literature class was added a pedagogic dimension and took the name ‘Literature and Language Teaching ‘ . These amendments were positively approved by lectors using the plan ( e.g. CoAYkun & A ; DaloAYlu, 2010 ) thanks to the heavy accent on the pedagogic and lingual dimensions.

Another betterment in the present plan is the increased cooperation between student-trainees and instructors in schools, which did non take adequate precedency before ( Grossman et al. , 2007 ) . In a survey on the new plan, it was found that the course of study was antiphonal to teacher-students ‘ outlooks in learning profession, societal aims and net incomes. They besides acknowledged that the classs provided chances of application every bit good as pure theory, unlike the old course of study ( CoAYgun-Ogeyik, 2009 ) .

Failings of the plan

The initial failing of the plan lies in the fact that it is outdated, holding been in pattern for about five old ages. During this stretch of clip, many alterations of direct applicability to the function and instruction of English along with technological resources and challenges have come into being. Any plan together with its course of study is supposed to be invariably kept up-to-date and on a regular basis revised ( Farris, 1996 ) and the undertaking of updating should be done at regular intervals to be able to keep the same rate of the current progresss go oning around the universe in the field of linguistic communication instructor instruction ( CoAYkun, 2008 ) . However, the new position of English as planetary linguistic communication is non conveyed to the teacher-trainees. It is their right to be alerted about the assortments of English, the planetary function of English, as a linguistic communication they will be learning shortly. This hole in the plan has been pointed by some attentive research workers, with the undermentioned suggestions by ( Snow et Al. ,2006 ; cited in CoAYkun, n.d. )

1. Teacher trainees should see the assortments of English.

2. Methodologies to be of value in the local context and to reflect pupils ‘ existent demands and involvements should be adapted,

3. Collaboration between local and outside experts should be supported,

4. Trainees should be imbued with the value of uninterrupted brooding pattern and life-long acquisition attempts.

As mostly voiced by teacher-trainees in the old surveies, another losing point in the plan is the scarceness of culture-based lessons ( CoAYgun-Ogeyik, 2009 ) . Peacock ( 2009 ) quotes his participants ‘ suggestion that “ the programme needs to ‘promote the civilization of instruction and what it means to be a instructor ” ( p. 270 ) . In analogue, Cross ( 2004 ) promotes the thought that the mark civilizations should be placed in the plan. I, in this context, refer to the mark cultures as the civilizations of those talking English all around the universe, non merely the civilizations of native talkers of English.