In the preceding chapter, we demonstrated the usage of sarcasm in Barthelme ‘s early plants and his theories about sarcasm and sarcasm by concentrating chiefly on hid distinguished short narrative, “ Kierkegaard Unfair to Shlegel ” , and so we explained different point of views refering sarcasm. Our intent in this chapter is twofold: to demo how this point of view is maintained in his novel, Snow White, and to see the thematic concerns of the novel in order to demo the affinity between our expression and these thematic concerns.

Snow White, foremost published in The New Yorker in 1965 and so, in 1967 in a somewhat different signifier, is Barthelme ‘s first, and therefore far, his most distinguished and celebrated novel. The secret plan of Snow White is based on a fairy narrative of that name, and the characters are mistily correspondent to those found in the fairy narrative. Snow White does non hold a secret plan in a realistic manner, but there is a narrative somehow, which serves as a mention for Barthelme ‘s dry and satiric commentary.

The supporter of the novel is Snow White, a twenty-year-old miss who makes love to seven dwarfs- but merely in the shower. She is dying about her “ function ” in life, and she is besides worried about happening “ meaningful ” ends. In her former life she had been thrilled by composing letters and reading mails, but now she reads Liberation, uses unusual statements and writes experiential verse forms. Once she used to have on “ tight-fitting-how-the-west-was-won pants ” , but now she wears “ heavy blue bulky amorphous People ‘s Volunteer pants. ” Despite these fortunes, the reader, as he follows Snow White throughout the novel, and watches her turning more and more discombobulated with her life and her lovers, might imagine her as a existent individual with existent and touchable jobs. Barthelme, nevertheless, thwarts such a position. For illustration, by page of 16 of the novel, the reader has got many thoughts about Snow White and might be inclined to see her as a existent individual. He has seen her general boredom, he has observed her rearranging the flowers in the house, her composing poesy, and even being the follower of Mao. Here, Barthelme interrupts to state:

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SNOW WHITE:

IN THE FERAS OF FEARS, SHE FEARS

Mirror

Apples

POISONED COMBS ( SW, p.17 )

These interruptive statements, by being written all in capitals on a separate page, serve to demo to the reader, the writer ‘s authorization and presence and to uncover him that Snow White is a appliance of this writer and therefore she is a fictional character and should non be mistaken for a existent individual. Furthermore, when Snow White realizes that she is a fictional character, confronts the reader with farther trouble who conceives her as existent. Snow White ‘s realisation that she is a fictional character comes from one point in the novel, where she condemns the universe “ for non being able to provide a prince. For non being able to at least be civilized plenty to provide the correct stoping to the narrative ” ( SW, p.132 )

Barthelme ‘s purpose by queering the reader ‘s enticement is non merely to asseverate his presence. He uses his freedom in order to increase it. By his freedom, he can make the degree in which he can go against the verisimilitude of his fiction and hence, he is able to let go of himself from any committedness to do Snow White speak like anything instead than a fictional character. Therefore, the reader is non surprised when he comes up with Snow White ‘s address like this:

“ Ugh! I wish I were someplace else! On the beach at

St. Tropez, for illustration, surrounded by brown male childs without

a penny. Here everyone has a penny. Here everyone worships

the Godhead penny. Well at least with pennies one knows what

they add up to, under the denary system. No ambiguity at that place,

at least. O Jerusalem. Jerusalem! Thy girls are firing with

torpidity and a sense of immense wasted possible, like one of those

pipes you see in the oil Fieldss, firing off the natural gas that it

is n’t economically rational to transport someplace ” ( SW, p.102 ) .

The voice here is non a rational and logical voice that we can tie in with a twenty-year-old adult female. This is Barthelme ‘s ain voice, he can utilize it freely without any duty to any criterions and restrictions and he is non concerned with doing the addresss fit any logical and rational fortunes. Therefore, his freedom to utilize anything without any committedness, and to include any information at will, is increased.

The midget, like Snow White, are “ major characters ” , utilizing Barthelme ‘s footings, although they are less developed than some of the minor characters in the novel. The names assigned to them are ( Kevin, Edward, Hubert, Henry, Clem, Dan and Bill ) , and because of their deficiency of development and individuality as persons, the actions and words assigned to any of them can be assigned to others and, except Bill, the leader, they become all in all one character, and Barthelme wants the reader non to concern himself with their individualities, but to concern himself with what he makes them make and state. Barthelme has assured the reader that the midget are identical from one another.

The midget ‘s corporate individuality is obvious in the narrative of Snow White. There are assorted narrative voices which differ from first-person to third individual or omniscient. Most of the clip the voice that speaks is a corporate voice of the seven midgets, with the exclusion of the 1 who is being discussed. For illustration, when they talk about Bill ‘s “ reluctance to be touched ” , the narrative starts with “ we ” : “ we speculate that he does n’t desire to be involved in human state of affairs any longer ” ( SW, p.4 ) . In other instances, the voice is assigned to a individual midget, without any ground why the others have non taken it. And still in other instances, one voice is attributed to one midget without being identified.

The other corporate behaviour that these midgets portion is that they have the same dreams. In portion of the novel when Snow White ‘s dissatisfaction has become a existent menace to shadow, they say: “ so we had a phantasy, a phantasy of choler and malignity. We were woolgathering. We dreamed we burned Snow White. Burned is non the right word, cooked is the right word. We cooked Snow White over the large fire, in the dream ” . ( SW, p.109 ) . This corporate dream they have, destabilizes their individualities as single characters.

There are other characters in the novel and Barthelme treats them the same as Snow White and the midget. Jane and Paul are two minor characters in the novel that Barthelme tries to suit them into the fairy narrative and this connexion with the fairy narrative is clear in the quiz at the terminal of portion one. Barthelme asks the reader: “ 3. Have you understood, in reading to this point, that Paul is the prince-figure? Yes ( ) No ( ) . 4. That Jane is the wicked measure mother figure? Yes ( ) No ( ) ” ( SW, p.82 ) . As the novel shows, none of the characters in Snow White fits the traditional sense of word picture. They are all type characters who represent the position of adult male in general, and they function to impel the subject in the novel.

Snow White is written in a self-parodic manner where the usage of complicated vocabulary leads to confusion and self-estrangement, and all readings are called off and canceled by eternal makings. At one point, the midgets say: “ we like books that have a batch of schlock in them, affair which presents itself as non entirely relevant ( or so, at all relevant ) but which, carefully attended to, can provide a sort of sense of what is traveling on ” ( SW, p.106 ) . What Barthelme calls “ schlock ” is what Bill calls “ pamby ” . This schlock is the cardinal word in the novel and it is discussed in one of the chapters.

“ you know, Klipschorn was right I think when he spoke of

the ‘blanketing ‘ consequence of ordinary linguistic communication, mentioning, as I

callback, to the portion that kind of, you know, “ fills in ” between

the other parts. That portion, the ‘filling ‘ you might state, of which

the look ‘you might state ‘ is a good illustration, is to me the

most interesting portion, and of class it might besides be called the

‘stuffing ‘ I suppose, and there is likely besides, in add-on, some

other word that would make every bit good, to depict it, or possibly a

figure of them. But the quality this ‘stuffing ‘ has, that the other

parts of verbality do non hold, is two parted, possibly: ( 1 ) an

‘endless ‘ quality and ( 2 ) a ‘sludge ‘ quality. Of class that is

perchance two qualities but I prefer to believe of them as different

facets of a individual quality, if you can believe of it that manner. The

‘endless ‘ facet of ‘stuffing ‘ is that it goes on and on, in many

different signifiers, and in fact our exchanges are in big step

composed of it, in larger step even, possibly, than they are

composed of that which is non ‘stuffing ‘ . The ‘sludge ‘ quality

is the weightiness that this material hasaˆ¦ ( SW, p. 96 ) .

What is clear from the above address uttered by Dan is that he is seeking to explicate the schlock of linguistic communication and at the same clip a parodic illustration of it. The sludge dressing occurs so many times on every page of the book. It shows midget ‘ chief wont and besides implies that they do non understand what they are stating: the constructs which they are seeking to pass on are over their caputs. This is clear from Dan ‘s usage of looks like “ I suppose ” , “ possibly ” , “ likely besides ” , “ or possibly ” , “ perchance ” , etc. Dan ‘s address shows the relation between linguistic communication and rubbish. What Barthelme is seeking to explicate is that this rubbish will make to 100 per centum in our addresss in future. Therefore, as he says in the novel, “ the inquiry turns from a inquiry of disposing of this rubbish to a inquiry of appreciating its qualitiesaˆ¦ ( SW, p. 95 ) .

The parodic illustration of Snow White is that, linguistic communication and the whole universe, in general, are 100 percent rubbish. “ it ‘s that we want to be on the taking border of the rubbish phenomenon, the everted domain of the hereafter, and that ‘s why we pay peculiar attending, excessively, to those facets of linguistic communication that may be seen as a theoretical account of the rubbish phenomenon ” ( SW, p. 97 ) . Barthelme believes that “ those facets ” of linguistic communication are the lone staying facets, and, hence, it is necessary to appreciate their qualities. This is the convention of twentieth century authors and creative persons who try to appreciate the qualities of rubbish. This is the manner Barthelme tries to romanticise the ugly ; he is trying to demo the trash qualities of linguistic communication, admirable and appreciative.

Snow White is a fresh made of episodes, in which one episode does non hold any logical connexion with the episodes following or predating it. It seems impossible to line up these episodes in a additive secret plan, but the reader comes up with several subplots. But besides these subplots are non in a additive manner. All these episodes and subplots are scattered throughout the novel. Barthelme ‘s controlling of episodes in Snow White, has made a montage consequence. It is composed of unrelated or incongruous stuff, but a sort of stuff which propels the consolidative subject, when viewed in entire. These stuffs, sometimes complicate readers ‘ premises by the usage of transitions that are all written in capitals and put off in one page. They call disconnected attending to themselves and they serve several intents in the novel. In one of these transitions, Barthelme writes:

THE Second GENERATION OF ENGLISH

ROMANTICS INHERITEDE THE PROBLEMS

OF THE FIRST, BUT COMPLICATED BY THE

EVILS OF INDUSTRIALISM AND POLITICAL

REPRESSION. ULTIMATELY THEY FOUND AN

ANSWER NOT IN SOCIETY BUT IN VARIOUS

FORMS OF INDEPENDENCE FROM SOCIETY:

Heroism

Art

SPIRITUAL TRANSCENDENCE ( SW, p. 24 ) .

This transition all of a sudden appears after Clem ‘s reaching in Chicago, and the reader does non do any sense of its significance and presence until he goes to the following page and finds out that this is Snow White ‘s instruction at Beaver College. By this transition, Barthelme is seeking to satirise the system of instruction in the United States, and here he ridicules the classs given in colleges and universities.

There are other all-capital transitions which have nil to make with the concerns of the novel. For case, Barthelme writes:

IT WAS NOT UNTIL THE nineteenth CENTURY THAT

RUSSIA PRODUCED A LITERATURE WORTHY

OF BECOMING PART OF THE WORLD ‘S CULTURAL

HERITAGE. PUSHKIN DISPLAYED VERBAL

FACILITY. GOGOL WAS A REFORMER. AS A STYLIST

DOSTOEVSKY HAD MANY SHORTCOMINGS.

TOLSTOYaˆ¦ ( SW, p. 145 ) .

This transition is evocative of the old transition which discussed Snow White ‘s instruction, but that transition come about one hundred pages earlier and there was no mention to Russian literature at all. This transition, and the transitions like this, is what Barthelme would label them as schlock, for they are non surely relevant to the concerns of the novel. However, it can besides uncover that Barthelme is engaged with one of his favourite topics, literature.

Barthelme manages to satirise a big figure of things in Snow White. He satirizes the legal system, the media, political system, drug jobs and many rubbish merchandises overruning the economic system. Furthermore, he satirizes the traditional literary unfavorable judgment, jabing merriment at the thought that a existent esthetic work of art is possible. And, in general, he satirizes homo ‘s status. His sarcasm refering adult male ‘s status, embraces all the other sarcasms, and by this, he implies that adult male is a miserable animal and is powerless to better his state of affairs in an effectual manner.

Barthelme remarks upon an mundane life in America. He does this in the portion when Clem visits Chicago, and after acquiring off the plane, he stops to see “ the Volkswagens herding the Chicago streets, the kids gross outing out in their ground forces excess, the black dirt falling from the sky ” , and he exclaims, “ so this is the free universe! ” ( SW, p. 22 ) . Here, Barthelme is juxtaposing two different sorts of America, the idealised one, and the existent 1, a land devastated by important jobs, including drug maltreatment, air pollution and poorness.

Barthelme besides satirizes the political system of his state. He uses “ President ” twice in his novel. At fist he writes:

The President looked out of his window. He was non really

happy. “ I worry about Bill, Hubert, Kevin, Edward, Clem,

Dan and their lover, Snow White. I sense that all is non good

with them. Now, looking out over this green lawn, and these

all right rosebushes, and into the dark and the xanthous edifices,

and the falling Dow Jones index and the shriek of the hapless,

I am concerned. I have many of import things to worry approximately,

but I worry about Bill and the male childs excessively. Because I am The

President. Finally, The Presidents of the whole screw state.

And they are Americans, Bill, Hubert, Henry, Kevin, Edward,

Clem, Dan and Snow White. They are Americans. My Americans.

( SW, p. 82 ) .

Barthelme is non seeking to reprobate the President, but he tries to oppugn his competence and capableness. The President, concealing behind the “ green lawn ” and “ all right rosebushes ” , does non worry approximately Snow White and the midget ‘ jobs, and he is unable to make anything about but to admit them. His incompetence and inability to work out the jobs in America is highlighted by his visual aspect for the 2nd clip, where the conditions have non yet improved: “ The President looked out of his window once more. It was another dark like that dark we described antecedently. The Dow-Jones index was still falling. The folks were still in rags. The President turned his head for a msec to us, here. ‘ Great balls of river clay ‘ , the President said. Is nil traveling to travel right? ” ( SW, p. 155 ) . Barthelme believes that although a president could hold all the good purposes, he is unable to assist Americans work out their jobs.

Furthermore, he goes on to propose that the incompetence of elective functionaries, particularly the president, leads to the people ‘s misgiving of the political system. In the novel, the midget Tell to a group of immature male childs:

Your mission is this: to travel out into the universe and draw down

all those election postings. We have decided to halt vote, so

draw down the postings. Let ‘s acquire all those ugly faces off our

streets and out of our elected offices. We are non traveling to vote

any longer, no affair how frequently they come around with their sound

trucks and statesmanly gestures. Pull down the sound trucks.

Pull down the outstretched weaponries. To hell with the whole concern.

Vote has turned out to be a blasted impudence. They ne’er do

what we want them to make anyway. And when they do what we

do n’t desire them to make, they do n’t make it good. To hell with them. We

are traveling to salvage up all our ballots for the close 20 old ages and

pass them all at one clip. Possibly by that twenty-four hours there will be some

Rabelaisian figure deserving passing them on ( SW, p. 145 ) .

This is the thought of the midget, and of class, Barthelme, about the futility of vote in the United States. This is the feeling of many Americans, and it arises from the fact that what many political campaigners say before an election has nil in common with their workss after an election, and this is the state of affairs in which people have no control over it.

Barthelme besides satirizes the drug maltreatment job in America. As we discussed earlier, geting in Chicago, Clem found that “ the kids gross outing out ” ; and two times in the novel, Barthelme shows the midget ‘ experimenting with drugs. When the midget attend a party, one of them narrates that: “ Clem thrust his arm into the bag of consciousness-expanding drugs. His consciousness expanded. He concentrated his consciousness upon a thumb tip. ‘Is this the upper extent of knowing, this corium that I perceive here? ‘ so he became melancholic, melancholic as a gigabyte cat, melancholy as a jugged bare. ‘The content of the camelopard is giraffe meat. Giraffes have high blood force per unit area because the blood must slog to the encephalon up 10 pess of cervix. ‘ There were more perceptual experiences and blague ‘ ( SW, p. 116-117 ) . This transition shows Barthelme ‘s playful behaviour toward linguistic communication ; “ jugged ” is slang for “ captive ” ; “ gigabyte ” is used alternatively of “ unsexed ” . But it besides expresses his feeling about the popularity of drugs as a manner to spread out one ‘s head and broaden his consciousness. Barthelme believes that the profound and deep perceptual experiences of utilizing drugs lead to nonsense in comparing with the soberness which returns after that.

Edward ‘s brush with drugs is every bit upsetting as Clem ‘s. Barthelme writes:

Edward was blowing his head, under the boardwalk. “ good

my head is blown now. Nine mantras and three bottles of

insect repellant, under the board-walk. I shall surely be

ill tomorrow. But is is deserving it to hold a blown head. To

halt being a foul businessperson for a infinite, even a short infinite.

To derive entree to everything in a new manner. Under the board-

walk. Those cream Corfam places cloping overhead. I

understand them now, for the first clip. Not their molecular

construction, in which I am non peculiarly interested, but their

sacredness. Their centrality. They are the centre of everything

those places. They are it. I know that, now. Too bad it is non

deserving knowing. Too bad it is non true. It is non even temporarily

true. Well, that must intend that my head is non to the full blown. That

rough review. More insect repellant! ” ( SW, p. 143 ) .

Edward is prosecuting enlightenment by the usage of mind-altering drugs and Barthelme suggests that it is a ineffectual activity ; at best, Edward is able to achieve it temporarily until its effects wear off. Besides, Barthelme is satirising a society in which its immature people are coerced to utilize drugs in order to be enlightened.

Another splendid usage of sarcasm in the novel is Barthelme ‘s remark upon the economic system of America, and in the novel he pokes merriment at those business communities and discoverers who flood and ruin the market with their rubbish merchandises. Throughout the novel we read that the midget wash edifices, produce Chinese babe nutrient and do fictile American bison bulges. When Dan supervises the mill while bring forthing bulges, he remarks upon the rubbish merchandises manufactured in America, in order to warrant the midget ‘ workss and their engagement in the market:

Now you are likely familiar with the fact that the pre-capita

production of rubbish in this state is up from 2.75 lbs per

twenty-four hours in 1920 to 4.5 lbs per twenty-four hours in 1965, the last twelvemonth for

which we have figures, and is increasing at the rate of about

four per centum a twelvemonth. Now that rate will likely travel up, because

it ‘s been traveling up, and I hazard that we may really good shortly

make a point where it ‘s 100 per centum. Now at such a point, you

will hold, the inquiry turns from a inquiry of disposing of

this “ rubbish ” to a inquiry of appreciating its qualities, because,

after all, it ‘s 100 per centum rubbish, right? And there can no longer

be any inquiry of “ disposing ” of it, because it ‘s all there is,

and we will merely hold to larn how to “ delve ” it_ that ‘s slang,

but particularly appropriate here. So that ‘s why we ‘re in bulges,

right now, more truly from a philosophical point of position than

because we find them a great moneymaker. They are “ trash ” , and

what in fact could be more useless or trashlike? It ‘s that we want

to be on the taking border of this rubbish phenomenon, the everted

sphere of futureaˆ¦ ( SW, p. 96 ) .

Dan ‘s address reflects Barthelme ‘s economical concerns affecting America ‘s inability to cover with its waste market which is turning more and more and he is involved in the economic issues about which the rubbish merchandises and services have overspread the market in the United States. Dan represents the business communities in America who seduce public on purchasing their inadequate and useless merchandises, and he besides attempts to lift their greed with his high-sounding and easy-satisfying mottos.

Another favourite subject for Barthelme to satirise is these books, movies and magazines that conveying approximately false outlooks in the audience. The fresh suggests that Snow White ‘s dissatisfaction comes from her unrealistic outlooks, which in many instances are the consequence of watching those movies and reading those books and magazines. At one point in the novel, the midget state us about Snow White that: “ sulks in her room, reading Dissent and believing ” . She is believing:

My agony is reliable plenty but it has a sort of low-grade

concrete-block quality. The seven of them merely add up to the

equivalent of approximately two existent work forces, as we know them from the

movies and from our childhood, when there were giants on the

Earth. It is possible of class that there are no more existent work forces

here, on this ball of half-truths, the Earth. That would be a

letdown. One would hold to content oneself with subtle

falseness of colour movies of unhappy love personal businesss, made in France,

with a Mozart mark. That would be hard. ( SW, p. 42 ) .

Snow White ‘s discontent of the dwarfs springs from her imaginativeness of what “ existent work forces ” are, and this imaginativeness, as she tells us, has grown out of watching these movies in her childhood. Here, Barthelme is connoting that many of these movies present false world to the audience and it engenders an illusional position of world in the kid. Snow White is non entirely cognizant of the fancied quality of these movies and concludes that “ existent work forces ” exist no longer on the Earth, while they existed at one clip. Although she is someway cognizant of “ the elusive falseness ” of these movies, it is dry that she sees them as a solace in the absence of “ existent work forces ” . Snow White ‘s false hopes which are raised out of these unrealistic movies are fulfilled merely by farther exposure to them.

Another mark of Barthelme is the field of unfavorable judgment. Barthelme attempts to satirise those critics who try to happen something else in the prose that the writer himself did non mean it. There is a conversation between Kevin and Hubert in the novel that shows this leaning to happen something that is non at that place. Kevin asks: “ where is the figure in the rug? Or is it justaˆ¦ rug? . ” Then Hubert says: “ you ‘re speaking a batch of American bison bulge, you know that ” ( SW, p. 129 ) . There is the same issue in the novel, where the midget are reading a book. They suggest to the reader that “ the sense of what is traveling on in a book is non to be obtained by reading between lines ( for there is nil at that place, in those white infinites ) but by reading the lines themselves ” ( SW, p. 105 ) . Elsewhere in the novel, Barthelme repeats this warning when Jane ‘s female parent sees an “ ape like handaˆ¦ making intoaˆ¦ the letter box ” , and Tells Jane about its significance.

“ that ‘s nil. Think nil of it. It ‘s nil. It ‘s merely one

of my familiars mother. Do n’t believe about it. It ‘s merely an ape

that ‘s all. Just an ordinary ape. Do n’t give it another idea.

That ‘s all there is to it ” . “ I think you dismiss these things excessively

Easily Jane. I ‘m certain it means more than that. It ‘s unusual.

It means something. ” “ no female parent. It does n’t intend more than

that. Than I have said it means. ” “ I ‘m certain it means more than

that Jane. ” “ no female parent it does non intend more than that. Do n’t

travel reading things into things mother. Leave things entirely. It

means what it means. Content yourself with that female parent. ”

“ I ‘m certain it means more than that. ” “ No female parent. ” ( SW, p. 107 )

Jane ‘s female parent, take a firm standing that the manus “ means something ” , is moving like those critics who are inexorable that there is something in the text more than the purpose of the writer.

As we have seen, Barthelme ‘s purposes and efforts, in Snow White, are preponderantly satirical 1s, and the expression which he uses allows him the freedom to travel from one subject to another and to satirise many aspects of American life. There are legion transitions which involve sarcasm of American life, values and establishments that the reader, while reading them all, would come to cognize that Barthelme ‘s disapprobation of American society is rough and acute. Although sarcasm of American life plays a important function in Snow White, the major mark of sarcasm is the general conditions of adult male, and what Barthelme remarks upon this general status, shows his consciousness and abrasiveness as a manner to jab merriment at their values and criterions.

If we want to happen a major subject in Snow White, that would be the “ expectancy subject ” . This subject conveys the thought that adult male ‘s status is in a manner that he is destined to be isolated from others and hence to populate in a disgruntled province. If he wants to last in this boredom, he must put ends, but this effort is ineffectual and ends in a more or less unhappy manner. If he reaches his ends, he will happen them non every bit attractive as they appeared, and if he fails to make them, he will go defeated. Barthelme suggests that it is better non to achieve ends, because every bit shortly as they are attained, they lose their glamor and acquire in the manner of making future ends. Man should ever be in an expectancy province, where he is non able to achieve ends and at the same clip, anticipates his hereafter as rose-colored and hopeful. He should non be in the province of consummating ends, but instead in expecting them.

Snow White leads a disgruntled life and she lives in the province of boredom in which she is non pleased with her life and the midget. It is evident that Snow White has legion jobs with the midget and frailty versa. The midgets say that Snow White “ loved us, in a manner, but it was n’t adequate ” ( SW, p. 11 ) . They are selfish animals, who expect Snow White to cook the repasts and clean the house. Their love toward Snow White is sexual and Snow White, herself, does non acquire any pleasance from it. When Clem joins Snow White in the shower, she says: “ and who is this with me, here in the shower? It is Clem. The attack is Clem ‘s, and the technique, or deficiency of it, is Clem, Clem, Clemaˆ¦ Clem you are downright anti-erotic, in those bluish denims and fellows! Artificial insemination would be more interestingaˆ¦ everything in life is interesting except Clem ‘s thought of sexual Congress, his Western confusion between the construct “ pleasance ” and the construct, “ increasing the size of the herd ” ( SW, p. 34 ) . Clem, like other midget, dainties Snow White as a domesticated animate being, that ‘s why she complains that she is “ tired of being merely a horse-wife ” ( SW, p. 43 ) .

It is clear that Snow White is discontent with her current fortunes. Her words and actions show that her dissatisfaction is the consequence of her relationship with the midget and it springs from her manner of life and her attitude toward the universe. When the midget attempt to do meringue in the kitchen, Snow White tells them: “ I merely do n’t wish your worldaˆ¦ A universe in which such things can go on ” ( SW, p. 68 ) . After that, the midget effort to lenify, but it does non work. Then, one of them says: “ she still was n’t satisfied. That is the indispensable point here, that she was n’t satisfied ” ( SW, p. 69 ) . There is a point in the novel where Snow White hangs her hair out of the window, and when no 1 is at that place to mount it, she says: “ this clip is the incorrect clip for me. I am in the incorrect clip ” ( SW, p. 131 ) .

Snow White ‘s dissatisfaction has made her susceptible to motions and crazes that promise alteration. She becomes a fan of Mao, and this has disturbed the midget. The midgets say that she “ has taken to have oning heavy bluish bulky shapeless quilted People ‘s Volunteer pants instead than the tight alluring how-the-West-was-won pants she once wore, which we admired immoderately aˆ¦ we are acquiring reasonably damned sick of the whole thing, of her air of being merely about to make somethingaˆ¦ and happening those bantam Chairman Mao poems in the babe nutrient is n’t assisting one bitaˆ¦ ” ( SW, p. 16 ) . Later in the novel, she joins adult females ‘s release and stands against “ the adult male who dubbed those electrical connexions male and female ” and “ the adult male who called that piece of pipe a mammilla ” ( SW, p. 130 ) . Snow White has participated in these different motions, but neither of them has helped her to better her state of affairs.

Ultimately, she comes to recognize that the lone manner to acquire out of this state of affairs, is to happen her prince, and it is during this province of boredom that she anticipates the reaching of her prince to relieve her boredom and alleviate her dissatisfaction. Snow White says, “ well it is terrific to be expecting a prince-to be waiting and cognizing that what you are waiting for is a prince, packed with grace-but it is still waiting, and waiting as a manner of being is, as Brack has noted, a darksome manner. I would instead be making a hundred other things. But cut down me if I will allow it, this waiting ; conveying down my exalted feelings of expectancy from the ennui ceiling where they dance overhead like so many Gallic letters filled with raising gas. I wonder if he will hold the Hapsburg Lip. ” ( SW, p. 77 ) .

In one of his capital transitions, Barthelme states the construct that ends lose their glamor when they become instantly accessible:

THE VALUE THE MIND SETS ON EROTIC

NEEDS INSTANTLY SINKS AS SOON AS

SATISFACTION BECOMES READILY

AVAILABLE. SOME OBSTACLE IS NECESSARY

TO SWELL THE TIDE OF THE LIBIDO TO ITS

HEIGHT, AND AT ALL PERIODS OF HISTORY.

WHENEVER NATURAL BARRIERS HAVE NOT

SUFFICED, MEN HAVE ERECTED CONVENTIONAL

ONES. ( SW, p. 76 )

This transition concentrates on sexual desires, but Barthelme is seeking to show that this rule can be applied to adult male ‘s desires. As he says in this transition, people frequently construct a barrier to their ends in order to do the period of their expectancy longer and hence, sweeter.

The expectancy subject is non merely the instance for Snow White, but it besides involves other characters in the novel. All of the characters are dissatisfied with their current state of affairs. Like Snow White, they fail to set up any meaningful relationship with each other.

Jane is in a province of solitariness and isolation and this status has made her to compose letters to some aliens. In one of these letters, she writes to Mr. Quistgaard, “ Although you do non cognize me my name is Jane. I have seized your name from the telephone book in an effort to ensnarl you in my concerns. We suffer today I believe from a deficiency of connexion with each other ” ( SW, p. 45 ) . Jane ‘s effort to compose letters appears to be interrupting out of her “ existence of discourse ” . Jane is non successful in her efforts, and she settles for a sort of mediocre relationship. When Jane asks Hogo about what is to go of them, he replies: “ nil is to go of us Jane. Our going is done. We are what we are. Now it is merely a inquiry of swaying along with things as they are until we are dead ” ( SW, p.128 ) . Jane ‘s relationship with Hogo is the same as the other relationships in the novel, unsatisfactory and frustrated. When Jane tells Hogo that the image he is painting of their hereafter is black, he tells her, “ I did n’t believe up this image that we are confronted with. The original coppice work was non mine ” ( SW, p.126 ) .

Hogo, like Snow White, has learnt that one time the ends are attained, they lose their attractive force ; therefore it is necessary to put new ends. At one point in the novel, Hogo notices the “ graceful cello form ” of Jane, and he asks himself, “ why do n’t I pass more clip looking at her and imbibing in her 2nd beauty ” . A few lines subsequently, he thinks about the quality in adult male that puts him in a province of defeat: “ why is it that we ever require more? aˆ¦ Why is it that we can ne’er be satisfied? It is about as if we were designed that manner. As if that were portion of the cosmic design ” ( SW, p.156 ) . this insatiate desire for “ more ” is evident in several characters in the novel and it springs from their preoccupation with window. Earlier in this thesis, when we discussed the visual aspect of the President, both times, he was peering out a window. Elsewhere in the novel, Snow White positions Hogo and Paul through a window. Hogo describes this preoccupation with window in these lines: “ Ruin of the physical envelope is our great subject here, and if we keep altering misss every four or five old ages, it is because of this ruin, which I will ne’er hold to, to my deceasing twenty-four hours. And that is why I keep looking out of the window, and why we all maintain looking out of the window, to see what is go throughing, what has been cast up on the beach of our being ” ( SW, p.76 ) . Hogo implies that the desire for holding “ more ” , which makes them to look out of the window, springs from a feeling of mortality-this is a feeling of clip running out.

Overall, Barthelme ‘s vision of adult male in general, is a instead dejecting one: his characters are caught up in the anticipation-frustration province, and they do non hold the capableness to alter their ugly fortunes. What Barthelme suggests is that, adult male should acknowledge his despairing and frustrating state of affairs, but he should non allow himself to be driven into desperation ; his lone deliverance and redemption is to jab merriment at himself-to laugh at his state of affairs.