Language in the Oxford lexicon is defined as follow: “ the agencies of human communicating consisting of the usage of spoken or written word in a structured manner ” . therefore linguistic communication is the agencies by which single usage to pass on with each other. However linguistic communication we use are non cut off from society. It has a great impact on our social environment that is they are interrelated establishing itself on societal distribution. Our focal point is on linguistic communication and gender. Traveling back to our historical survey of linguistic communication, legion plants have been focused on “ sex distinction ” in term of linguistic communication was carried out by many western bookmans in a pursuit of understanding the differences in term of phonological and lexicon grammar ‘ exotica ‘ ( sounds, forms word and construction ) . These survey chiefly deals with the pronouns and affixes to adult females and work forces. In short, it aims at analyzing the manner both gender interact, their pick of words or even regulations for societal demands impacting their address. It is undeniable that society plays a major function in the structuring of interaction of a adult male and a adult females through the usage of linguistic communication.

1.2 LINGUISTIC SEX DIFFERENCIATION

Through history, there has been controversy sing gender in relation to linguistic communication. Man was and is still perceived as being the superior figure therefore holds more power in term of linguistic communication. Nevertheless we ca n’t deny the fact that linguistic communication contributes to make gender differences in term of pronoun and words, therefore creates a barrier between work forces and adult females merely like society does. First and first, our what is ‘gender ‘ and ‘sex ‘ . In the Zimmerman ‘s position ( 1987 ) : “ gender is a societal building imposed on person of both sexes. Each sexes has a typical function embedded exhaustively in our establishments and with times it has been naturalized and taken for granted ” ( west and Zimmerman 1987 ) . Penelope Eckert and Sally Mc Connell Ginet ( 2003 ) is defined ‘ sex ‘ as a biological classs based chiefly on generative potency ( linguistic communication and gender 2003 ) . In Germanic linguistic communications such as English, Danish sex is merely distinguished in the 3rd individual remarkable mention he/him she/her or it. The pronoun system of love affair linguistic communications such as Gallic, Italian and Spanish are similar except that they mark sex in the 3rd plural ils/ells every bit good. This marker has been criticized particularly by women’s rightists where it is said that adult male holds more power than adult female. For illustration, 20 misss and one male child in a schoolroom would be referred as Illinoiss merely because of the presence of a male. Thus it tends to be chauvinistic.

In Arabic sex taging in the 2nd individual remarkable ( you ) so that in turn toing a individual by ‘ you ‘ will depend whether the individual is male ( inta ) or female ( inti ) . In many linguistic communications the pick of pronoun does non depend on the addressee but that of the talker. Womans use from ‘female pronoun ‘ while work forces use from ‘male signifiers ‘ . In Nipponese society linguistic communication tends to be sexist and there are footings typically restricted for male and female. Therefore linguistic communication creates inequality among sex differences in Japan. The Nipponese misss in high school say that first individual pronoun ‘ boku ‘ ( entirely used by male ) and ‘ atashi ‘ ( entirely used by female ) , they wont be able to vie with work forces ( Jugaku 1979 cited in Okamato 1995: 314 ) . Hence Nipponese misss have to follow male linguistic communication in order to vie with male childs and bit by bit efforts to wipe out the lower status of adult female through linguistic communication in Nipponese society.

Biology and societal patterns are interplayed and ca n’t be separated in societies: when gender is imposed on sex there is an unquestionable premise that societal differences have become established and inevitable among work forces and adult females. Linguistic interaction is a behaviour which has been learned. Gender public presentation imposed social regulations of linguistic communication which influences linguistic communication usage, pick from among a scope of lexicon grammatical options. Indeed talkers do n’t hold picks since signifiers use by adult male and adult female are enforced upon them and inappropriate signifiers are rejected and connected most of the clip. Though gender is non biological, it is considered with the context of societal relation between people. Gender is a psycho-social phenomenon which is challenged by women’s rightists and fagot theoreticians. Throughout history, adult females have suffered from disregard. Statistic has shown that adult females are more polite than work forces. Womans in work scene usage greater usage of polite schemes than work forces. Two honorific rubric given to female ( MISS OR MRS ) contrast a individual honorific for male irrespective of age. However, ‘ Mrs ‘ reflects the importance society puts on adult females ‘s matrimonial position. Harmonizing to sociolinguistic study, linguistic communication is stereotyped based on gendered difference. Education and socio-economic dramas of import function impacting one ‘s address. For illustration, irrespective of states one ‘s comes from, university pupil in Britain are likely to talk and compose standard English instead than the common linguistic communication, intending they ‘talk classy ‘ .

1.2 WOMEN STRATIFICATION STUDIES

In about all societies, adult females tend to utilize more characteristics associated with the prestige standard assortment of linguistic communication than work forces. A celebrated survey was conducted by the American linguist named William Labov, he examined linguistic communication fluctuation in new York metropolis ( Labov, 1996 ) . Labov showed that single address form were portion of a extremely systematic construction of societal and stylistic stratification.

Harold Orthon claimed without offering any grounds that ‘ work forces speak vernacular more often, more systematically and more truly than adult females do ‘ ( Orthon 1962 ; 15 ) .According to Trugill, adult females use the prestigiousness variants more than work forces do because they are more category witting. The ground behind it is that adult females are less unafraid socially and are being judged badly on their visual aspect. In order to interrupt the concatenation of prejudiced inflicted on adult females, they have for good adopted a ‘ proper linguistic communication ‘ doing them look posh and educated. It is done linguistic communication that they can interrupt the stereotypic image of adult female being 2nd category citizen without instruction. On the other manus, work forces are non under force per unit area to utilize prestige discrepancies in contrast to adult females. Furthermore, non criterion signifiers found in the slang used preponderantly by the working category have masculine intension which motivate work forces to utilize it than adult females. Hence common discrepancies is associated with maleness and we can infer that male linguistic communication are harsh, ill-mannered and impolite. Not utilizing masculine linguistic communication for a male talker instead the usage of niceness and prestigiousness discrepancies for a male is seen as debatable in his societal circle. He will be termed ‘ homosexual ‘ or ‘ adult male of sodom ‘ which is an abuse and can suffers from subjugation from heterosexist male friends. This type of linguistic communication for male is an offense for maleness and are marginalized for utilizing it. On the other manus, adult females utilizing common linguistic communication are in the marginalized groups because of female stereotyped of being soft, polite and soft. This is a social norms imposed on adult females. A adult female utilizing ‘ masculine linguistic communication ‘ are looked down upon and is assumed to be uneducated and below the expected societal category. Negative female intensions are associated to her. Work force link to believe that they use common more that they really do. Standard signifier carries another concealed sort of position or covert prestigiousness. To back up this claim, British linguistic, have demonstrated that the work refer in order to confirm the claim is rickety ( D Euchar 1987: Graddol and Swann 1989 53-5 ) . It is claimed that the working category adult females lack societal position and seek to get the prestigiousness that they have been derived. Work force besides being ‘status witting ‘ usage common discrepancies. In more relaxed atmosphere, work forces and adult females switch from informal linguistic communication. There is so grounds that people in some consider non criterion address more appropriate formers be givening to tie in it with maleness ( James 1996: 113-14 ) .

1.3 SEX, GENDER AND VOICE INEQUALITY

In delegating adult females to category class, it is assumed that the male parent is the bread victor of the conventional household. Wifes are assessed on their hubbies ‘ places, businesss and net incomes. As a consequent, adult females have been wrongly classified.

“ her voice was of all time soft, soft and low,

An first-class thing in a adult female ” ( William Shakespeare in king Lear )

this citation by William Shakespeare reinforces the thought of sex, gender and voice quality. When you answer the phone, the talker instantly place you as either male or female and you are seldom mistaken. There is a clear difference in adult females ‘s voice and work forces ‘s voice. These differences are they biological or culturally acquired. The hero in Mills and Boon fresh sounds deep and beefy in this citation: “ as ever that deep somewhat beefy voice made Annie ‘s spinal column frisson ” ( Hamilton, passionate Awakening ) . we can hear the prototype of maleness in the difficult, soberly and resonating voice. A adult female is supposed to hold low, soft and soft voice compared to the grave and loud voice of male. These stereotyped are culturally feasible within and across linguistic communication. However this is besides biological, since the voice quality of work forces and adult females have anatomical determiners, the length and thickness of their vocal cords, often of quiver and their logical thinking capacity Chamberss.

2.1 LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CLASS

Linguistic have known for some clip the difference in linguistic communications are heed up to societal category. Ross ( 1954 ) suggested that certain lexical phonological differences in English could be classified as U ( upper category ) and non U lower category. In the 19th century, surveies on linguistic communication were chiefly concerned with regional fluctuation or dialectology. The surveies dealt chiefly with rural idiom which was vanishing. However with globalisation, sociolinguists have feel the demand to turn their attending from rural linguistic communication to metropoliss linguistic communication where a great figure of people live and socialize. The rise in urbanisation is connected with an addition in societal stratification reflects in lingual fluctuations. Social idioms are the chief topic of survey for many linguist which is besides known as “ societal dialectology ” and occupies cardinal topographic point for researches. This research get downing with the celebrated American sociolinguist William Labov ( 1996 ) work in New York metropolis. He was the first to present a systematic methodological analysis for puting societal idiom and the first big graduated table sociolinguistic study of urban communities. Through probe, we can reason that address of new Yorkers appeared to change in random and volatile manner. Sometimes they pronounce the name ‘Ian ‘ and ‘Anne ‘ and sometimes they pronounce post vocalic /r ( i.e. R following a vowel ) in words such as auto while at other times they did non. Labov ‘s survey one theoretical account after it, pronunciation of postvocalic/r/ in New York metropolis with that of reading of England. The result of the survey demonstrates the New York lower category as evaluated on factors like age, business, instruction and income and have fewer postvocalic/r / s/ one utilizations. The postvocalic r/ is widely use geographically and have acquired societal compelling distribution. However, merely as airing of lingual characteristic can be ceased by natural geographical barriers, it may besides be hindered by societal category stratification.

Formal address style- the fluctuation concerns the usage of non standard 3rd individual remarkable present tense without s Ex he travel, another illustration is ‘ the manner I are ‘ . This similar behaviour can be taken as an suggestion of rank in a address community sharing norms for societal rating of the comparative prestigiousness of variable. Working category work forces address and in-between category adult females address are practically the same since they are more close to standard. Social hierarchal among work forces and adult females are non equal.

2.2 GENDER, LANGUAGE AND DISCOURSE

The new moving ridge of feminism has shed the visible radiation on the subject linguistic communication and the sexes which has been brushed aside. They wrote: “ there has been a explosion of involvement and research ” ( Kamer, Thore & A ; Henley 1978, 683 ) . Feminists scholars chew over on current inclinations and new point of views in the survey of gender, linguistic communication and discourse. Make adult females and work forces use the same linguistic communication in different ways? In what ways does linguistic communication – in construction, content and day-to-day use reflect and assist widen the spread of sexual inequality? How can sexist linguistic communication be changed? However, there is an premise in westernized societies that adult females and work forces can be treated as internally homogenous group. The nucleus of this discourse is on ‘specificity ‘ ( looking at work forces and adult females in peculiar scene ) and ‘ complexness ‘ ( looking at the interaction of gender with other sort of individuality class and power relation ) ( Deborah Cameron 1998: 947 ) .

BIBLOGRAPHY.

hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com/books? hl=en & A ; lr= & A ; id=eIS0UcTTq_MC & A ; oi=fnd & A ; pg=PR1 & A ; dq=language+and+gender & A ; ots=AMsjFnF4sc & A ; sig=wyRcAYZYqDw5ARh1Ji0kay5weZA # v=onepage & A ; q & A ; f=false accessed on 9 March 2011

hypertext transfer protocol: //www.putlearningfirst.com/language/research/labovny.html

hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com/books? hl=en & A ; lr= & A ; id=0dHaYnma8ooC & A ; oi=fnd & A ; pg=PA218 & A ; dq=language+and+gender & A ; ots=LFuRhmuglc & A ; sig=BjQxocLnqKrAc_8u_g35JB2zITc # v=onepage & A ; q=language % 20and % 20gender & A ; f=false accessed on March 26 2011.

2001 elsevler scientific discipline ltd. International encyclopaedia of the societal and behavioural scientific disciplines.

Language and gender by s Romaine

Gender and linguistic communication discourse: a reappraisal essay by Deborah and Cameron

JSTOR Published by the University of Chicago Press

Vol 23 no4 1998