Machine Translation Significance And Scope English Language Essay

Machine interlingual rendition sometimes referred to by the abbreviation. MT is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the usage of package to interpret text or address from one linguistic communication to another.

1.1 Machine Translation Significance and Scope

The in-depth survey of Art of Translation demands more attending non because it paves manner for planetary interaction and offers an first-class chance to undergo socio-cultural study of assorted linguistic communications and their literatures but besides gives an chance to set up some sort of relevancy it has in the survey and country of Literary Criticism. Translation Surveies can really safely be included as an of import genre in the sphere of Literary Criticism since interlingual rendition is an art motivating to peep into the diversified linguistic, cultural and literary content of a beginning linguistic communication and therefore highlighting/appreciating the kernel and justnesss of the literature of that peculiar translated linguistic communication. In the context of Indian Studies, maintaining in position the multilingual and pluristic cultural nature of our state, interlingual rendition has an of import function to play. It is through interlingual rendition that we can look into the rich heritage of India as one incorporate unit and experience proud of our cultural bequest. The relevancy of interlingual rendition as multifaceted and a multidimensional activity and its international importance as a socio-cultural span between states has grown over the old ages. In the present twenty-four hours fortunes when things are fast traveling in front globally, non merely states and societies need to interact with each other closely, but persons excessively need to hold contact with members of other communities/societies that are spread over different parts of the country/world. In order to provide to these demands interlingual rendition has become an of import activity that satisfies single, social and national demands.

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1.2 Specifying Translation

Broadly speech production, interlingual rendition turns a text of beginning linguistic communication ( SL ) into a correct and apprehensible version of mark linguistic communication ( TL ) without losing the suggestion of the original. Many people think that being bilingual is all that is needed to be a transcriber. That is non true. Bing bilingual is an of import requirement, no uncertainty, but interlingual rendition accomplishments are built and

developed on the footing of one ‘s ain long drawn-out communicative and composing experiences in both the linguistic communications. As a affair of fact interlingual rendition is procedures based on the theory of pull outing the significance of a text from its present signifier and reproduce that with different signifier of a 2nd linguistic communication. Conventionally, it is suggested that transcribers should run into three demands, viz. : 1 ) Acquaintance with the beginning linguistic communication, 2 ) Acquaintance with the mark linguistic communication, and 3 ) Acquaintance with the capable affair to execute the occupation successfully. Based on this construct, the transcriber discovers the significance behind the signifiers in the beginning linguistic communication ( SL ) and does his best to reproduce the same significance in the mark linguistic communication ( TL ) utilizing the TL signifiers and constructions to the best of his cognition. Naturally and purportedly what changes is the signifier and the codification and what should stay unchanged is the significance and the message ( Larson, 1984 ) .Therefore, one may spot the most common definition of interlingual rendition, i.e. , the choice of the nearest equivalent for a linguistic communication unit in the SL in a mark linguistic communication.

Computers are already being used to interpret one linguistic communication into another, but worlds are still involved in the procedure either through pre-writing or post-editing. There is no manner that a computing machine can of all time be able to interpret linguistic communications the manner a human being could since linguistic communication uses metaphor/imagery to convey a peculiar significance.

Successful interlingual rendition is declarative of how closely it lives up to the outlooks as: reproducing precisely every bit for as possible the significance of the beginning text, utilizing natural signifiers of the receptor/target linguistic communication in such a manner as is appropriate to the sort of text being translated and showing all facets of the significance closely and readily apprehensible to the intended audience/reader. Technically, interlingual rendition is a procedure to abstract the significance of a text from its current signifiers and reproduce that significance in different signifiers of another linguistic communication. Translation has now been recognized as an independent field of survey. The transcriber can be said to be the focal component in the procedure of interlingual rendition. The writer/author becomes the Centre, for whatever he writes will be concluding, and no two transcribers translate a text in the same manner. It is by and large believed that a author to cognize the elaboratenesss of the TL in which he may wish to interpret. As a affair of fact, it is non the author of the SL text who asks person to interpret his plants into the TL ; it is chiefly the involvement of the person transcriber which prompts him to interpret a work into his female parent lingua. A successful transcriber is non a mechanical transcriber of a text but is originative every bit good. We may state that he is a co-creator of the TL text. . In fact, for a transcriber cognition of two or more linguistic communications is indispensable. This involves non merely a working cognition of two different linguistic communications but besides the cognition of two lingual systems as besides their literature and civilization. Linguiustically, interlingual rendition consists of analyzing the vocabulary, grammatical construction, communicating state of affairs, and cultural context of the beginning linguistic communication and its text, analysing it in order to find its significance, and so retracing the same significance utilizing the vocabulary and grammatical construction which are appropriate in the mark linguistic communication and its cultural context. 19

The procedure of interlingual rendition starts with the comprehension of the beginning text closely and after detecting the significance of the text, transcriber re-expresses the significance he has drawn out into the receptor/target linguistic communication in such a manner that there is minimum loss in the transmutation of intending into the translated linguistic communication. This full procedure could be graphed as under: –

1.3 Overview of the interlingual rendition undertaking

In pattern, there is ever considerable fluctuation in the types of interlingual renditions produced by assorted transcribers of a peculiar text. Translation turns a communicating in one linguistic communication into a correct and apprehensible version of that communicating in another linguistic communication. Sometimes a transcriber has to take certain autonomies with the original text in order to re-create the temper and manner of the original. This, in other words is called ‘accommodation. ‘ This has three dimensions: cultural adjustment ; collocation adjustment ; ideological adjustment ; and aesthetic adjustment. It is considered a equivalent word of version which means alterations are made so the mark text produced is in line with the spirit of the original. Translation is non simply lingual transition or transmutation between linguistic communications but it involves adjustment in range of civilization, political relations, aesthetics, and many other factors. Adjustment is besides interlingual rendition, a free, instead than actual, sort of interlingual rendition. Furthermore, it is inevitable in pattern if the interlingual rendition is to keep the beginning message ‘s kernel, impact, and consequence. There is an interesting expression: A interlingual rendition is like a adult female: if it is faithful, it is non beautiful ; if it is beautiful, it is non faithful. That is to state if you want to be faithful with the text while interpreting you are bound to lose the beauty of the translated text and if you try to keep the beauty of the translated text you are certain to be unfaithful with the original text.. Faithfulness was one time considered the Fe regulation in interlingual rendition procedure but over the old ages when we take a closer expression, adjustment, or version, is found in most published interlingual renditions and it has become a necessity excessively since maintaining in position the averse cultural/lingual/geographical/historical/political variegations and backgrounds of assorted linguistic communications and their literatures, adjustment, if non compromising, is about obligatory. Adjustment, excessively, has to be carried out really sanely, more particularly when it comes to interpreting poesy or any such text which is extremely immotive and artistic in nature.For illustration interpreting poesy has ne’er been so simple. Robert Frost one time said, “ Poetry is what gets lost in interlingual rendition. ” This is a sufficient grounds of the trouble involved in interlingual rendition of poesy. Because poesy is basically valuable for its aesthetic value, hence, aesthetic adjustment becomes an art alternatively of a basic demand. A good poesy transcriber with a good step of adjustment and equal cognition of aesthetic traditions of different civilizations and linguistic communications, can be better appreciated by the mark reader and can accomplish the needed consequence.

1.4 Qualities of a good Translator

A good transcriber should hold equal cognition of the SL ( beginning linguistic communication ) from which he is interpreting into the TL which is by and large his female parent tongue/target linguistic communication. In order to bring forth an accurate interlingual rendition of the SL text he should hold bid over the grammatical, syntactic, semantic and matter-of-fact characteristics of the SL. In add-on to this it is necessary that he is well-conversant with the socio-cultural contexts of both the SL and the TL. A good transcriber should be the writer ‘s mouthpiece in a manner that he knows and comprehends to the full whatever the original writer has said in his text. One of the by and large accepted features of a good interlingual rendition is that it should resemble the original text or come as near to the SL text as possible. It should look like the original in the TL interlingual rendition within the usual societal and cultural scenes with some minor adjustment, if necessary, of class.

Normally it is besides believed that the occupation of a transcriber is a mechanical one-a simple rendition of the SL text into a TL text. But it is non so. The transcriber has to execute a truly hard undertaking. It is in a manner more hard and complicated than that of the original author. A originative author composes or pens down his ideas without any outward irresistible impulse. A transcriber has to restrict himself non merely to the SL text but a host of other factors besides intervene in the procedure of interpreting the TL.

A good transcriber must hold an equal cognition of the topic or country to which the SL text relates so that the transcriber is able to capture the spirit of the SL text. If he does non hold an in-depth cognition, he may non be able to bring forth an accurate interlingual rendition suitable for its intended intent. For illustration, if you want to interpret the Bible or the Gita or any other spiritual text, you must hold equal cognition of those spiritual and theological plants.

A good transcriber should be careful of the picks that he makes in utilizing the TL. He should interpret in the manner, which is appropriate for the mark audience. The manner should be such that it appears to be natural and self-generated to the TK readers. The interlingual rendition in the TL should non sound alien. A transcriber does necessitate certain tools to assist him out in minutes of trouble. These tools can be in the signifier of good monolingual and bilingual lexicons, encyclopaedias, e-dictionaries, glossaries of proficient and standard plants, etc. refering to the SL text. A good transcriber must hold forbearance and should non be in a haste to hotfoot through while interpreting any text. He should non waver in discoursing with others the jobs that he may come across. Furthermore, he should non shy away from carry oning micro-research in order to get at proper and disposed equivalents.

In short, a good transcriber should be a competent and adept bilingual, familiar with the subject/area of the SL text chosen for interlingual rendition. Finally, a few words ( based upon my close understanding about interlingual rendition survey and activity ) for up-coming transcribers and translation-lovers. To interpret from one linguistic communication into another has ne’er been an easy enterprise. It is an exercising both painstaking and cumbersome and merely those who have engaged themselves with interlingual rendition work can recognize the complex character of this Art. I have been associated with interlingual rendition work for over three decennaries interpreting from English, more particularly, from Kashmiri/Urdu into Hindi and back.

1-A good transcriber ought to be a good author.

2-You need n’t interpret everything that has been written, you need to interpret the best merely.

4-A good transcriber adjusts/accommodates and non via medias with the original text.

5-Translators are like embassadors stand foring and interchanging the best of their literary universe.

6-Art of interlingual rendition is every bit old as world, do n’t you interpret your idea before you speak it out? Some more suggestions:

1-Try to acquire into the head of the author.

2-Check your interlingual rendition twice or may be thrice before finalising the book. Put the original transition “ aside ” and listen to/read your interlingual rendition with your ear “ tuned in ” , as if it were a transition originally written in the TL.

3-If your stuff is extremely proficient, with vocabulary that is typical to a subject, it is of import that the transcriber has at least some background or experience of that subject. A good transcriber of poesy and play may be a bad pick for a chemical technology or biotechnology text.

4-If you have a native talker of your mark linguistic communication ready to hand, peculiarly one who is familiar with the topic, that individual could be every bit utile as your instructor for concluding script-review. Take his aid without fail.

A few more guide lines for the transcribers:

Do non seek to happen hard tantamount words in the hope that this will add to the flawlessness of your interlingual rendition.

Every linguistic communication has its ain punctuation regulations and differ in many ways ; take attention to mark right

1.5 Use of Translation

Machines are non worlds ; they can understand and interpret words but non intending or context. As a consequence, we can non anticipate MT to bring forth the highest quality of end product. But is the highest quality ever necessary? Harmonizing to some concerns: no. Equally long as clients in international markets can be reached and the general effect of the information is understood, that may be all that affairs.

See utilizing MT when: Monetary value is a precedence. MT is the cheapest option, doing it a great first measure for start-ups and companies with tight budgets. Remember you or one of your squad can easy redact the

End product or you can do usage of ourA crowd-sourcedA platform that allows visitants to your site to lend to your interlingual renditions

Speed is a precedence. MT is fast, super fast, and capable of interpreting 100s of pages of text in an blink of an eye.

Accuracy is non your chief precedence and you merely want to acquire a general thought across.

You have a big volume of content that is non at the head of your web site, such as archived web log stations, imperativeness releases and articles that you still want to do available in another linguistic communication.

You want to interpret your web site into multiple linguistic communications ( 5 or more ) that could n’t realistically be done with human interlingual rendition.

You have proficient paperss such as manuals. Finding a transcriber with proficient cognition in your field is non ever easy.

You are believing about redesigning your web site in the close hereafter. It will likely non be worth your clip and money to put in a human transcriber at this phase.

You are interpreting between closely related linguistic communication braces. MT is really accurate with linguistic communication braces such as Swedish and Danish, Russian and Ukrainian, and Spanish and Portuguese.

Some content should non be left to MT lest you fall feed to a dearly-won and non to advert abashing state of affairs! If non translated from the beginning linguistic communication, at the really least, the followers should be meticulously scrutinized by a professional transcriber:

Content that is at the head of your web site such as your About US and Product pages or pages that portray your corporate image.

Content that is more elaborate and requires a deeper apprehension than merely conveying a general thought.

Content that needs to be adapted to the peculiar cultural context of a state.

Content that requires creativeness or a “ human touch ” .

Marketing messages such as mottos. You can non trust on MT for your mottos or you might stop up in a less than ideal state of affairs, as Kentucky Fried Chicken knows merely excessively good. Its slogan “ finger lickin ‘ good ” was mistranslated into Chinese as “ eat your fingers off. ” ( Time Magazine. Nov. 17, 2003 ) .

Legal paperss, contracts.

Fiscal studies.

Calls for stamps.

Safety information.

1.6 Translation in Research

The research activities include automatic address and talker acknowledgment, spoken languageA designation and understanding, speech-to-speech interlingual rendition, machine interlingual rendition, linguistic communication modeling, statistical methods and machine acquisition, nervous information processing, deep-structured acquisition, machine intelligence, sound and acoustic signal processing, statistical signal processing and digital communicating, human address production and perceptual experience, acoustic phonetics, audile address processing, audile physiology and modeling, noise robust address processing, speech synthesis and sweetening, multimedia signal processing, and multimodal human-computer interaction.

1.7 Literature study

Title: Speech Recognition, Machine Translation, and Speech Translation-A Unified Discriminative Learning Paradigms

Writer: Xiaodong He and Li Deng

Modern all-purpose address acknowledgment systems are normally based on concealed Markov theoretical accounts ( HMMs ) for acoustic mold and N-gram Markov theoretical accounts for linguistic communication mold. Over the past several decennaries, ASR has achieved significant advancement in four major countries: First, in the substructure country, Moore ‘s jurisprudence, in concurrence with the invariably shriveling cost of memory, has been instrumental in enabling address acknowledgment research workers to develop and run progressively complex systems. The handiness of common address principal for address system preparation, development, and rating has been critical in making systems of increasing capablenesss. Second, in the country of cognition representation, major progresss in speech signal representations have included perceptually motivated acoustic characteristics of address. Third, in the country of mold and algorithms, the most important paradigm displacement has been the debut of statistical methods, particularly of the HMM and extended methods for acoustic mold. Fourth, in the country of acknowledgment hypothesis hunt, cardinal decryption or hunt schemes, originally developed in non-speech applications, have focused on stack decryption ( A* hunt ) , Viterbi, N-best, and lattice search/decoding.MT refers to the procedure for change overing text in one linguistic communication ( beginning ) to its translated version in another linguistic communication ( mark ) .

The history of machine interlingual rendition can be traced back to the 1950s [ 10 ] . In the early 1990s, Brown et Al. conducted the pioneering work in presenting a statistical mold attack to MT and in set uping a scope of IBM MT models-Models 1-5 [ 3 ] . Since so, a series of of import advancement has been accomplished in a full span of the MT constituent engineerings including word alliance [ 17 ] , phrase-based MT methods [ 11 ] , hierarchal phrase-based methods [ 4 ] , syntax-based MT methods [ 5 ] , discriminatory preparation MT methods [ 13 ] , [ 16 ] , and system combination methods [ 23 ] . Today, MT has been in broad public usage, e.g. , via the Google interlingual rendition service ( hypertext transfer protocol: //translate.google.com ) and Microsoft interlingual rendition service ( hypertext transfer protocol: // translator.bing.com ) . An ST system takes the beginning speech signal as input and translates it into the mark linguistic communication, which is frequently in the format of text ( but can besides be in the format of address through speech synthesis ) . Translation Surveies can really safely be included as an of import genre in the sphere of Literary Criticism since interlingual rendition is an art motivating to peep into the diversified linguistic, cultural and literary content of a beginning linguistic communication and therefore highlighting/appreciating the kernel and justnesss of the literature of that peculiar translated linguistic communication. In the context of Indian Studies, maintaining in position the multilingual and floristic cultural nature of our state, interlingual rendition has an of import function to play. It is through interlingual rendition that we can look into the rich heritage of India as one incorporate unit and experience proud of our cultural bequest. The relevancy of interlingual rendition as multifaceted and a multidimensional activity and its international importance as a socio-cultural span between states has grown over the old ages. In the present twenty-four hours fortunes when things are fast traveling in front globally, non merely states and societies need to interact with each other closely, but persons excessively need to hold contact with members of other communities/societies that are spread over different parts of the country/world. In order to provide to these demands interlingual rendition has become an of import activity that satisfies single, social and national demands.

Chapter 2:

WORK DONR IN PHASE I

2.1 EXISTING System

Input Sentence

Google Translation

I swim daily

EA?y EyyOo E??yo? A?A?A¦Ay

I am eating a sweet apple

EA?y ?yUO A«ooA¦A °oAA?I A¦A?yEO A?A?A?A¦Ay

I am the tallest male child

EA?y A?AAAA?E AoEA? ??OA?A?A¦Ay

I was playing cricket yesterday

A?A?y A¦A?A°A°O iAA?A¦A?A° AA?oAAA? ??OyA??

I give him a pen

A?A?y A«AA?A A?O A§AEA? A¦A?A?IiA?

2.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Input Sentence

My Translation

I swim daily

EA?y EyyOo E??yo? A?A?A¦Ay

I am eating a sweet apple

EA?y ?yUO A«ooA¦A °oAA?I A¦A?yEO A?A?A?A¦Ay

I am the tallest male child

EA?y A?AAAA?E AoEA? ??OA?A?A¦Ay

I was playing cricket yesterday

A?A?y A¦A?A°A°O iAA?A¦A?A° AA?oAAA? ??OyA??

I give him a pen

A?A?y A«AA?A A?OA§AEA?A¦A?A?IiA?

CHAPTER-3

SYSTEM ORGANISATION

3.1 SYSTEM Architecture DESIGN

3.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE MODULE

Module Description

Speech Input Module

Text Recognition Module

Text Translation Module

Speech end product Module

Speech Input Module:

This faculty involves natural address extraction. The sequence of words from the address input is fed in by the user.

Text Recognition Module

This sequence of words on fulfilling the standard is translated into text format in this faculty.

Text Translation Module

This faculty identifies the sequence of words and translates it into mark linguistic communication interlingual rendition.

Speech end product Module

The translated text is converted back into sound end product which is played back to user.

3.3 UML DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

All UML Diagram Description

UML:

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. This object-oriented system of notation has evolved from the work of Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson, and theA Rational Software Corporation. These renowned computing machine scientists fused their several engineerings into a individual, standardised theoretical account. Today, UML is accepted by theA Object Management Group ( OMG ) A as the criterion for patterning object oriented plans.

Types of UML Diagrams

UML defines nine types of diagrams: category ( bundle ) , object, usage instance, sequence, coaction, statechart, activity, constituent, and deployment.

Class Diagrams

Class diagrams are the anchor of about every object oriented method, including UML. They describe the inactive construction of a system.

Figure No:1.1

Package Diagrams

Package diagrams are a subset of category diagrams, but developers sometimes handle them as a separate technique. Package diagrams organize elements of a system into related groups to minimise dependences between bundles.

Figure no1.2

Object Diagrams

Object diagrams depict the inactive construction of a system at a peculiar clip. They can be used to prove category diagrams for truth.

Figure no1.3

Use Case Diagrams

Use instance diagrams model the functionality of system utilizing histrions and usage instances.

Figure No1.4

Figure No1.5

Sequence Diagrams

Sequence diagrams describe interactions among categories in footings of an exchange of messages over clip.

Figure No 1.6 5

Collaboration Diagrams

Collaboration diagrams represent interactions between objects as a series of sequenced messages. Collaboration diagrams depict both the inactive construction and the dynamic behaviour of a system.

Figure No 1.7

Statechart Diagrams

Statechart diagrams depict the dynamic behaviour of a system in response to external stimulation. Statechart diagrams are particularly utile in patterning reactive objects whose provinces are triggered by specific events.

Figure No 1.8

Activity Diagrams

Activity diagrams illustrate the dynamic nature of a system by patterning the flow of control from activity to activity. An activity represents an operation on some category in the system that consequences in a alteration in the province of the system. Typically, activity diagrams are used to pattern workflow or concern procedures and internal operation. 6

Figure 1.9

Figure no 1.10

Interaction Diagrams

Figure No 1.11

Component Diagrams

Component diagrams describe the organisation of physical package constituents, including beginning codification, run-time ( binary ) codification, and executables.

Figure No 1.12

Deployment Diagrams

Deployment diagrams depict the physical resources in a system, including nodes, constituents, and connexions.

Figure No 1.13

3.4 Data Flow Diagram Description

Data flow diagrams ( DFDs ) offer a graphical technique for sum uping the motion of informations between the processing stairss that occur within a concern procedure. They isolate the aggregations of informations, or information shops, which accumulate during a procedure, and place the beginnings of informations that arise outside procedure boundaries. Some cardinal features of informations flow diagrams are:

Planar summary.A DFDs offer a manner to sum up the informations flow features of a procedure on a individual page. As such they can supply a utile and concise sum-up of system-related ( e.g. , data-driven ) procedure properties.

Completeness.A DFDs offer a manner to look into the completeness of your procedure theoretical account, peculiarly as respects your apprehension of the informations that would be required by an information system ( e.g. , is all the information that would be needed for input really available? Does each treating measure produce informations that could be used by subsequent stairss? Is all informations generated useable by an information system where necessary? ) . DFDs can supply a fast manner to bring forth farther inquiries that need to be asked about the procedure.

Processing, non processes.A DFDs refer to “ procedure ” stairss. It might be more utile to believe of DFD “ procedures ” as processingA stairss instead than procedure activities. In kernel, DFDs ask one to mention to the information systems deductions of any processing work that occurs during the undertakings that comprise a concern procedure. DFD nomenclature tends to confound the term “ procedure ” in its intension withA businessA procedure with the term “ procedure ” that refers to aA computationalA procedure put to deathing within package ( e.g. , a package algorithm ) . Whether this represents the given among information applied scientists thatA everythingA is merely a version of a computational procedure is a topic for farther treatment at a ulterior clip ( and the victor of the argument receives the Golden Nerd Award ) ; the point here is that it is safer to believe of DFD “ procedures ” as processingA stairss.

Patterns.A DFDs can supply a stenography for understanding forms that exist within the information flows back uping concern procedures. They can demo, for illustration, where big sums of informations are collected, stored, transferred, generated, used, and delivered. They can foreground countries of potentially immaterial activity, and can propose procedure constituents that do non have the information support that they deserve ( or demand ) .

Symbols used in DFDs

Table 1 summarizes the graphical symbols used in informations flow diagrams. The vocabulary used by DFDs is really simple, consisting merely four symbols: information flows, treating stairss, sources/sinks, and information shops.

Chapter 4 IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS:

4.1 SAMPLE CODE

Default.aspx:

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CodeFile= ” Default.aspx.cs ” Inherits= ” _Default ” % & gt ;

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& lt ; asp: ListItem Text= ” German ” Value= ” Delaware ” / & gt ;

& lt ; asp: ListItem Text= ” French ” Value= ” Fr ” / & gt ;

& lt ; asp: ListItem Text= ” Swedish ” Value= ” sv ” / & gt ;

& lt ; asp: ListItem Text= ” Chinese Simplified ” Value= ” zh-cn ” / & gt ;

& lt ; asp: ListItem Text= ” Urdu ” Value= ” Ur ” / & gt ;

& lt ; asp: ListItem Text= ” Tamil ” Value= ” Ta ” / & gt ;

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Default.aspx.cs:

utilizing System ;

utilizing System.Collections.Generic ;

utilizing System.Web ;

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public partial category _Default: System.Web.UI.Page

{

protected null Page_Load ( object transmitter, EventArgs vitamin E )

{

}

public nothingness Translate ( threading textvalue, threading to )

{

threading appId = “ A70C584051881A30549986E65FF4B92B95B353A5 ” ;

//go to http: //msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff512386.aspx to obtain AppId.

// threading textvalue = “ Translate this for me ” ;

threading from = “ en-in ” ;

//string to = “ es ” ; 28

threading uri = “ hypertext transfer protocol: //api.microsofttranslator.com/v2/Http.svc/Translate

ppId= ” + appId + ” & amp ; text= ” + textvalue + “ & A ; from= ” + from + “ & A ; to= ” + to ;

HttpWebRequest httpWebRequest = ( HttpWebRequest ) WebRequest.Create ( uri ) ;

WebResponse response = nothing ;

attempt

{

response = httpWebRequest.GetResponse ( ) ;

utilizing ( Stream watercourse = response.GetResponseStream ( ) )

{

System.Runtime.Serialization.DataContractSerializer dcs = new System.Runtime.Serialization.DataContractSerializer ( Type.GetType ( “ System.String ” ) ) ;

threading interlingual rendition = ( threading ) dcs.ReadObject ( watercourse ) ;

//Response.Write ( stream.ReadToEnd ( ) ) ;

ltTranslatetxt.Text= ” & lt ; b & gt ; The translated text is: & lt ; /b & gt ; ‘ ” + interlingual rendition + “ ‘ . “ ;

}

gimmick ( WebException vitamin E )

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eventually

{

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{

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response = nothing ;

}

} 29

private nothingness ProcessWebException ( WebException e, threading message )

{

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// Obtain detailed mistake information

threading strResponse = string.Empty ;

utilizing ( HttpWebResponse response = ( HttpWebResponse ) e.Response )

{

utilizing ( Stream responseStream = response.GetResponseStream ( ) )

{

utilizing ( StreamReader sr = new StreamReader ( responseStream, System.Text.Encoding.ASCII ) )

{

strResponse = sr.ReadToEnd ( ) ;

}

ltTranslatetxt.Text= ” Http position code= ” + e.Status+ ” , error message= ” + strResponse ;

}

protected nothingness btnTranslate_Click ( object transmitter, EventArgs vitamin E )

{

Translate ( txtValue.Text, ddlanguage.SelectedItem.Value.ToString ( ) ) ;

}

threading lng = @ ” ca, ca-es, da, da-dk, de, de-de, en-auen-ca en-gb

en-in

en-us

es-es

es-mx

fi-fi

fr-ca

fr-fr

it-it

ja-jp

ko-kr

nb-no

nl-nl

pl-pl

platinum

pt-br

pt-pt

ru-ru

sv-se

zh-chs

zh-cht

zh-cn

zh-hk

zh-tw ” ;

protected nothingness Button2_Click ( object transmitter, EventArgs vitamin E )

{

Response.Redirect ( “ ss.aspx ” ) ;

}

protected nothingness Button3_Click ( object transmitter, EventArgs vitamin E )

{

Response.Redirect ( “ PV.aspx ” ) ;

}

ss.aspx: 31

& lt ; % @ Page Language= ” C # ” AutoEventWireup= ” true ” CodeFile= ” ss.aspx.cs ” Inherits= ” US Secret Service ” % & gt ;

& lt ; ! DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “ -//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN ” “ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd ” & gt ;

& lt ; html xmlns= ” hypertext transfer protocol: //www.w3.org/1999/xhtml ” & gt ;

& lt ; caput runat= ” waiter ” & gt ;

& lt ; title & gt ; Untitled Page & lt ; /title & gt ;

& lt ; manner type= ” text/css ” & gt ;

.style2

{

text-align: centre ;

}

& lt ; /style & gt ;

& lt ; /head & gt ;

& lt ; organic structure & gt ;

& lt ; signifier id= ” form1 ” runat= ” waiter ” & gt ;

& lt ; div class= ” style2 ” & gt ;

& A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ;

& lt ; asp: Login ID= ” Login1 ” runat= ” waiter ” BackColor= ” # FFFBD6 ” BorderColor= ” # FFDFAD ”

BorderPadding= ” 4 ” BorderStyle= ” Solid ” BorderWidth= ” 1px ” Font-Names= ” Verdana ”

Font-Size= ” 0.8em ” ForeColor= ” # 333333 ” onauthenticate= ” Login1_Authenticate ”

TextLayout= ” TextOnTop ” & gt ;

& lt ; TextBoxStyle Font-Size= ” 0.8em ” / & gt ;

& lt ; LoginButtonStyle BackColor= ” White ” BorderColor= ” # CC9966 ” BorderStyle= ” Solid ”

BorderWidth= ” 1px ” Font-Names= ” Verdana ” Font-Size= ” 0.8em ” ForeColor= ” # 990000 ” / & gt ;

& lt ; InstructionTextStyle Font-Italic= ” True ” ForeColor= ” Black ” / & gt ;

& lt ; TitleTextStyle BackColor= ” # 990000 ” Font-Bold= ” True ” Font-Size= ” 0.9em ” 32

ForeColor= ” White ” / & gt ;

& lt ; /asp: Login & gt ;

& lt ; br / & gt ;

& lt ; asp: Label ID= ” Label1 ” runat= ” waiter ” & gt ; & lt ; /asp: Label & gt ;

& lt ; /div & gt ;

& lt ; p & gt ;

& A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ;

& lt ; /p & gt ;

& lt ; /form & gt ;

& lt ; /body & gt ;

& lt ; /html & gt ;

ss.aspx.cs:

utilizing System.Web.Security ;

utilizing System.Web.UI ;

utilizing System.Web.UI.HtmlControls ;

utilizing System.Web.UI.WebControls ;

utilizing System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts ;

utilizing System.Xml.Linq ;

utilizing System.Data.SqlClient ;

public partial category US Secret Service: System.Web.UI.Page

{

SqlConnection con=new SqlConnection ( “ Data Source=ELIZ-VAIO ; Initial Catalog=preethis ; User ID=sa ; Password=elizz ” ) ;

protected null Page_Load ( object transmitter, EventArgs vitamin E )

{

protected null Login1_Authenticate ( object transmitter, AuthenticateEventArgs vitamin E )

{

con.Open ( ) ;

Stringing strSQL = “ Select * From Login where Username= ‘ ” + Login1.UserName + “ ‘ ” ;

SqlCommand bid = new SqlCommand ( strSQL, con ) ;

SqlDataReader reader ;

reader = command.ExecuteReader ( ) ;

reader.Read ( ) ;

if ( reader.HasRows )

{

if ( reader [ “ Password ” ] .ToString ( ) .Trim ( ) == Login1.Password )

{

reader.Close ( ) ;

Response.Redirect ( “ Default.aspx ” ) ;

}

else

{

Label1.Text = “ Invalid Password ” ;

}

else

{

Label1.Text = “ Invalid Password ” ;

}

} }

SNAP SHOT

Chapter 5 CONCLUSTION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

5.1 Decision

Successful interlingual rendition is declarative of how closely it lives up to the outlooks as: reproducing precisely every bit for as possible the significance of the beginning text, utilizing natural signifiers of the receptor/target linguistic communication in such a manner as is appropriate to the sort of text being translated and showing all facets of the significance closely and readily apprehensible to the intended audience/reader.Technically, interlingual rendition is a procedure to abstract the significance of a text from its current signifiers and reproduce that significance in different signifiers of another linguistic communication. Translation has now been recognised as an independent field of survey. The transcriber can be said to be the focal component in the procedure of interlingual rendition. The writer/author becomes the Centre, for whatever he writes will be concluding, and no two transcribers translate a text in the same manner. It is genegally believed that a author to cognize the elaboratenesss of the TL in which he may wish to interpret. As a affair of fact, it is non the author of the SL text who asks person to interpret his plants into the TL ; it is chiefly the involvement of the person transcriber which prompts him to interpret a work into his female parent lingua. A successful transcriber is non a mechanical transcriber of a text but is originative every bit good. We may state that he is a co-creator of the TL text. . In fact, for a transcriber cognition of two or more linguistic communications is indispensable. This involves non merely a working cognition of two different linguistic communications but besides the cognition of two lingual systems as besides their literature and culture.Linguiustically, interlingual rendition consists of analyzing the vocabulary, grammatical construction, communicating state of affairs, and cultural context of the beginning linguistic communication and its text, analysing it in order to find its significance, and so retracing the same significance utilizing the vocabulary and grammatical construction which are appropriate in the mark linguistic communication and its cultural context.

5.2 Future Enhancement

A transcriber does necessitate certain tools to assist him out in minutes of trouble. These tools can be in the signifier of good monolingual and bilingual lexicons, encyclopaedias, e-dictionaries, glossaries of proficient and standard plants, etc. refering to the SL text.

A good transcriber must hold forbearance and should non be in a haste to hotfoot through while interpreting any text. He should non waver in discoursing with others the jobs that he may come across. Morever, he should non shy away from carry oning micro-research in order to get at proper and disposed equivalents.

In short, a good transcriber should be a competent and adept bilingual, familiar with the subject/area of the SL text chosen for interlingual rendition. Finally, a few words ( based upon my close understanding about interlingual rendition survey and activity ) for up-coming transcribers and translation-lovers.To translate from one linguistic communication into another has ne’er been an easy endeavour.It is an exercising both painstaking and cumbersome and merely those who have engaged themselves with interlingual rendition work can recognize the complex character of this Art. I have been associated with interlingual rendition work for over three decennaries interpreting from English, more particularly, from Kashmiri/Urdu into Hindi and back.