The Web evolved beyond FTP archives non merely by going a diagrammatically rich multi-media universe, but by germinating tools which made it possible to happen and entree this profusion. Oldsters like this writer retrieve that before browsers there was WAIS ( released 1991 ) , and the XWAIS version provided a user-friendly GUI manner to happen information. However, this system required waiters to form information harmonizing to a specific format. GOPHER, another information functioning system with some user-friendliness, was released the same twelvemonth. One of the earliest hunt engines like those today, Lycos, began in the spring of 1994 when John Leavitt ‘s spider ( see below ) was linked to an indexing plan by Michael Mauldin. Yokel! , a catalog, became available the same twelvemonth. Compare this to the visual aspect of NCSA Mosaic in 1993 and Netscape in 1994.

Today there are a mark or more of “ Web location services. ” A hunt engine proper is a database and the tools to bring forth that database and hunt it ; a catalog is an organisational method and related database plus the tools for bring forthing it. There are sites out at that place, nevertheless, that attempt to be a complete front terminal for the Internet. They provide intelligence, libraries, lexicons, and other resources that are non merely a hunt engine or a catalog, and some of these can be truly utile. Yokel! , for illustration, emphasizes cataloging, while others such as Alta Vista or Excite emphasize supplying the largest hunt database. Some Web location services do non have any of their hunt engine engineering – other services are their chief push. Companies such as Inktomi ( after a native American word for spider ) provide the hunt engineering. These Web location services have put astonishing power into every user ‘s custodies, doing life much better for all of us. . . . and it ‘s all free, right?

. . . Possibly non. It is rumored that these information companies might increase their grosss by selling information – information aboutA you. After you use a hunt engine and happen a page with common fund quotation marks, you might happen yourself all of a sudden having e-mail advertisement investings. Think this is a happenstance? Think once more. The investing company could hold paid a hunt engine for your e-mail reference. The sale of such information is non advertised at this clip, nevertheless, there is an bing protocol for waiters to inquire a user ‘s browser for such information, routinely entered during set-up. Get frightened about your privateness by look intoing outA the anonymizer snoop page. For best consequences, hunt for the anonymizer snoop page, “ I can see you ” , so travel to it from your hunt engine ( you ‘ll see what I mean ) . For now, allow ‘s stick to the practical facets of hunt engines, catalogs, and Web location services.

II. How Software Agents and Search Engines Work

There are at least three elements to seek engines that I think are of import: information find & A ; the database, the user hunt, and the presentation and ranking of consequences.

Discovery and Database

A hunt engine finds information for its database by accepting listings sent in by writers desiring exposure, or by acquiring the information from their “ Web sycophants, ” “ spiders, ” or “ automatons, ” plans that roam the Internet hive awaying links to and information about each page they visit. Web sycophant plans are a subset of “ package agents, ” plans with an unusual grade of liberty which perform undertakings for the user. How do these truly work? Do they travel across the net by IP figure one by one? Do they hive away all or most of everything on the Web?

Harmonizing toA The WWW Robot Page, these agents usually start with a historical list of links, such as waiter lists, and lists of the most popular or best sites, and follow the links on these pages to happen more links to add to the database. This makes most engines, without a uncertainty, biased toward more popular sites. A Web sycophant could direct back merely the rubric and URL of each page it visits, or merely parse some HTML tickets, or it could direct back the full text of each page. Alta Vista is clearly hell-bent on indexing anything and everything, with over 30 million pages indexed ( 7/96 ) . Excite really claims more pages. OpenText, on the other manus, indexes the full text of less than a million pages ( 5/96 ) , but shops many more URLs.A InktomiA has implemented HotBot as a distributed computer science solution, which they claim can turn with the Web and index it in entireness no affair how many users or how many pages are on the Web. By the manner, in instance you are worrying about package agents taking over the universe, or your Web site, expression over theA Robot Attack Page. Normally, “ good ” automatons can be excluded by a spot ofA Exclusion StandardA codification on your site.

It seems unjust, but developers are n’t rewarded much by location services for directing in the URLs of their pages for indexing. The typical clip from directing your Uniform resource locator in to acquiring it into the database seems to be 6-8 hebdomads. Not merely that, but a entry for one of my sites expired really quickly, no longer looking in hunts after a month or two, seemingly because I did n’t update it frequently plenty. Most search engines check their databases to see if URLs still exist and to see if they are late updated.

User Search

What can the user do besides typing a few relevant words into the hunt signifier? Can they stipulate that words must be in the rubric of a page? What about stipulating that words must be in an URL, or possibly in a particular HTML ticket? Can they utilize all logical operators between words like AND, OR, and NOT?

Query Syntax Checklist

How does your engine grip:

Shortness, Pluralization & A ; Capitalization:

Macintosh, Mac, Macintoshes, Macs, mackintosh, mackintoshs, mac, macs, could all give different consequences. Most engines construe lower instance as unspecified, but upper instance will fit merely upper instance, but there are exclusions. There is no criterion at all for shortness, and worse yet, it is likely different in general and advanced hunt manner for every engine.

Multiple Wordss

does the engine logically AND them or OR them?

Phrases

Typically one puts quotes around a phrase so that each word in the phrase is non searched for individually.

. . . Check with your engine ‘s aid file before get downing a search.Most engines allow you to type in a few words, and so hunt for happenings of these words in their informations base. Each one has their ain manner of make up one’s minding what to make approximately approximative spellings, plural fluctuations, and shortness. If you merely type words into the “ basic hunt ” interface you get from the hunt engine ‘s chief page, you besides can acquire different logical looks adhering the different words together. Excite! really uses a sort of “ fuzzed ” logic, seeking for the AND of multiple words every bit good as the OR of the words. Most engines have separate advanced hunt signifiers where you can be more specific, and signifier complex Boolean hunts ( every one mentioned in this article except Hotbot ) . Some hunt tools parse HTML tickets, leting you to look for things specifically as links, or as a rubric or URL without consideration of the text on the page.

By seeking merely in rubrics, one can extinguish pages with lone brief references of a construct, and merely recover pages that truly concentrate on your construct.

By seeking links, one can find how many and which pages point at your site. Understanding what each page does with the non-standard pluralisation, shortness, etc. can be rather of import in how successful your hunts will be. For illustration, if you search for “ motorcycles ” you wo n’t acquire “ bike, ” “ bikes, ” or “ motorcycle. ” In this instance, I would utilize a hunt engine that allowed “ shortness, ” that is, one that allowed the hunt word “ motorcycle ” to fit “ motorcycles ” every bit good, and I would seek for “ bicycyle OR motorcycle OR rhythm ” ( “ bicycle* OR bike* OR cycle* ” in Alta Vista ) .

Presentation & A ; Ranking

With databases that can maintain the full Web at the fingertips of the hunt engines, there will ever be relevant pages, but how do you acquire rid of the less relevant and stress the more relevant?

Most engines find more sites from a typical hunt question than you could of all time wade through. Search engines give each papers they find some step of the quality of the lucifer to your hunt question, a relevancy mark. Relevance scores reflect the figure of times a search term appears, if it appears in the rubric, if it appears at the beginning of the papers, and if all the hunt footings are near each other ; some inside informations are given in engine aid pages. Some engines allow the user to command the relevancy mark by giving different weights to each hunt word. One thing that all engines do, nevertheless, is to utilize alphabetical order at some point in their show algorithm. If relevancy tonss are non really different for assorted lucifers, so you end up with this sorry default. Zeb ‘s [ Whatever ] page will ne’er do really good in this instance, irrespective of the quality of its content. For most utilizations, a good sum-up is more utile than a ranking. The drumhead is normally composed of the rubric of a papers and some text from the beginning of the papers, but can include anA author-specified drumhead given in a meta-tag. Scaning sum-ups truly saves you clip if your hunt returns more than a few points.

Get More Hits By Understanding Search Engines

Knowing merely the small spot above can give you thoughts of how to give your page more exposure.

Hustle for Links

Most package agents happen your site by links from other pages. Even if you have sent in your URL, your site can be indexed longer and ranked higher in hunt consequences if many links lead to your site. One of my sites that could n’t demo up in the most insouciant hunt got most of its hits from links on other sites. Linkss can be important in accomplishing good exposure.

Use Titles Early In the Alphabet

All engines that I used displayed consequences with equal tonss in alphabetical order.

Submit Your URL to Multi-Database Pages

It is best to utilize a multiple-database entry service such asA SubmitIt! A to salvage you the clip of reaching each hunt service individually. Remember, it takes 6-8 hebdomads to go indexed.

Control Your Page ‘s Summary

You can utilize the meta ticket name= ” description ” to stand out in hunt consequences. Appear in hunt sum-ups as “ Experienced Web service, competitory monetary values ” non “ Hello and welcome. This page is approximately. ”

Search Reverse Engineering

Imitate your audience ‘s hunt for your page ( have all your friends list all the hunts they might seek ) , so see what you need to make to come up foremost on their hunt engine ‘s consequences list.

Use theA meta-tagA name= ” keywords ” to set an unseeable keyword list at the beginning of your papers that would fit keywords your audience would utilize. Most search engines rate your page higher if keywords appear near the beginning.

How many times do the keywords appear in the text? It normally demonstratesA goodA composing if you do n’t reiterate the same words over and over. However, search engines punish you for this, normally evaluation your page higher for repeats of keywords, inane or non. Some writers combat this by seting yet more keywords at the underside of their pages in unseeable text. Look at the beginning codification for this article, and you ‘ll see what I mean ; the words are merely in the same colour as the background.

Spammers BEWARE

“ Spamming ” is net-lingo for distributing a batch of debris everyplace ; keyword spamming is seting concealed keywords a immense figure of times in your papers merely so yours will be rated higher by hunt engines.

Search engines typically limit you to 25 keywords or less, and one I know of truncates your list when they see an unreasonable figure of repeats.

Invisible text at the terminal of your pages puts clean infinite at that place, which looks bad and slows lading. Servicess which rate pages will bask taging you down for this.

Responsible Keyword Use: A If an of import keyword does n’t look at least four times in your papers, I hereby give you the right to add unseeable text until it appears a upper limit of five times.

III. Geting the Most Out of Your Search Engine

Search Engine Features

Web location services typically specialize in one of the followers: their hunt tools ( how you specify a hunt and how the consequences are presented ) , the size of their database, or their catalog service. Most engines deliver excessively many lucifers in a insouciant hunt, so the overruling factor in their utility is the quality of their hunt tools. Every hunt engine I used had a nice GUI interface that allowed one to type words into their signifier, such as “ ( Burger non cheeseburger ) or ( pizza AND pepperoni ) . ” They besides allowed one to organize Boolean hunts ( except Hotbot as of 7/1/96, which promises to put in this characteristic subsequently ) , i. e. they allowed the user to stipulate combinations of words. In Alta Vista and Lycos, one does this by adding a “ + ” or a “ – ” mark before each word, or in Alta Vista you can take to utilize the really rigorous sentence structure Boolean “ advanced hunt. ” This advanced hunt was by far the hardest to utilize, but besides the one most wholly in the user ‘s control ( except for OpenText ) . In most other engines, you merely utilize the words AND, NOT, and OR to acquire Boolean logic.

By far the best service for carefully stipulating a hunt was Open Text. This signifier has great bill of fares, doing a complex Boolean hunt fast and easy. Best of all, this service permits you to stipulate that you want to seek lone rubrics or URLs. But so there ‘s Alta Vista ‘s small known “ keyword ” hunt sentence structure, now every bit powerful as OpenText, but non as easy to utilize. You can restrain a hunt to phrases in ground tackles, pages from a specific host, image rubrics, links, text, papers rubrics, or URLs utilizing this characteristic with the sentence structure keyword: search-word. There is an extra set of keywords merely for seeking Usenet. ( To my cognition, Alta Vista ‘s keywords were undocumented before 7/19/96, so state your friends you heard it here foremost! )

Which Search Page Should I Use When, and How?

Use. . .

If You. . .

Using the Feature. . .

Lycos

hold no good thoughts for specific hunt schemes

best trial consequences for wide hunt footings

“ “

privation to happen person ‘s electronic mail

Peoples Finder.

Fernao magalhaes

hold more than one wide hunt word, or ca n’t pick a site from Lycos ‘ sum-ups.

best available consequences sum-ups.

“ “

want synergistic news/ want inside informations on today ‘s headlines.

intelligence with links to associate sites.

OpenText

privation to seek merely document rubric or execute complex hunts

rubric hunt specification, best advanced search interface.

Alta Vista

are runing for an image

image: search_word sentence structure.

“ “

privation to happen all the links to your page

+link: your_site -url: your_site sentence structure.

Yokel!

desire the best national and international intelligence

Reuters universe headlines.

“ “

desire a dictionary or other mention beginning

Dictionaries or Reference Libraries.

What could truly do engines with big informations bases radiance, nevertheless, would be an betterment in the manner they rank and present consequences. All engines I tested had ranking strategies that were non good documented, based on how many times your hunt words were mentioned, whether or non they appeared early in the papers, whether or non they appeared close together, and how many hunt footings were matched. I did non happen the superior strategies really utile, as relevant and irrelevant pages often had the same tonss.

Useful Non-Search Dainties

E-mail reference books:

Most engines allow you to seek for person ‘s name if you quote it “ John Q. Webhead ” , but you have to be careful about exact spelling, usage of initials, etc.

News Servicess:

Yokel! has the best intelligence, in my low sentiment, as they haveA Reuters international intelligence headlines.A Most other intelligence are ultra-brief sum-ups which read like “ MacPaper. “ Catalogs

I have merely been disappointed by catalog services. In pattern, they seem to take for the lowest common denominator, and reflect really small idea to how and when they might be utile alternatively of hunt engines. All the 1s I tested were directed toward novitiates and favored popular commercial sites. I would hold thought they would be really good for happening package at least, but this was non the instance. See the illustration below seeking to happen Web server related package.

Advanced or Boolean Questions

Making questions really carefully in Boolean footings to contract a hunt seldom produces utile consequences for me ( but see below ) . In pattern, other ways of stipulating a hunt besides elaborate logic are much more utile. Specification of exact vs. approximate spelling, specification that hunt footings must look as subdivision headers or URLs, utilizing more keywords, and merely stipulating the linguistic communication of the papers would hold been more valuable in all of my hunt illustrations.

Example: Eliminating Unwanted Matches

The exclusion to this is the AND NOT operatorA – it is indispensable to except unwanted but close lucifers when they outnumber the coveted lucifers. An illustration of when to utilize this operator is given by the job of happening information on turning apples, because you will be deluged by information on Apple computing machines. With adequate work, you can get down to see apples with roots, non cords, but it is n’t easy. Using Alta Vista, “ +apple -mac* -comp* -soft* -hard* -vendor ” got me information on the Payson-Santaquin apple farming part and a federal apple agribusiness database on the first page of consequences.

Useful Search Features

i‚· Find Images to Steal ( Alta Vista )

I bet you will all utilize this at one clip or another, so I insist you recognition this article andA webreference.comA for this goodie: With Alta Vista, you can restrict your hunt to image rubrics by utilizing the format:

image: title_string

This was the lone manner I could happen a utile image of a olfactory organ for a doctor ‘s page – I had searched through millions of clip art pages, and even contacted in writing creative persons, and they could n’t come up with anything every bit good as I found for free! Use THIS.

Try it now ( replace ansel with your pick of image hunt threading ) :

Top of Form

Alta Vista Search: A

Bottom of Form

i‚· Search for Strings in Titles ( Alta Vista, OpenText ) A for faster consequences.

If applicable, this sort of hunt eliminates chaff by lodging to the pages that center on your topic, non 1s that merely advert a lexically related word. Use the sentence structure:

rubric: search_string

in Alta Vista, or merely utilize the simple pull-down bill of fare in OpenText ‘s “ advanced hunt manner. ”

i‚· Find the Links to Your Own Site ( Alta Vista ) A

Alta Vista claims that you can acquire all the links to your ain site by seeking with the keyword building: +link: hypertext transfer protocol: //mysite.com/ -host: mysite in the Simple queryA

… I found that the most of import nexus to one of my sites was losing from this hunt, so I was non impressed ; nevertheless, my editor swears by this. Try it now ( replace webreference below with your site name ) :

Top of Form

Alta Vista Search: A

Bottom of Form

i‚· Find the Number of Links to Your Own Site ( Alta Vista ) A

For a more accurate estimation of the existent figure of links to your site ( or backlinks ) , use Alta Vista ‘s advanced hunt, and expose the consequences as a “ count merely. ” The above method will give you links, but approximates their figure, this method more accurately estimates the figure of backlinks. Try it now ( replace webreference below with your site name ) ABK-12-29-96:

Top of Form

SearchA A and Display the ResultsA

Choice Standards: A Please usage Advanced Syntax ( AND, OR, NOT, NEAR ) .

Bottom of Form

Which is the Best Search Engine?

( It ‘s non merely how large your informations base is, it ‘s how you use it. )

To make up one’s mind which search engine I would take as the best, I decided that nil but utile consequences would count.Previous articlesA have emphasized quantified steps for velocity and database sizes, but I found these had small relevancy for the best public presentation in existent hunts. By now, all engines have great hardware and fast net links, and none show any important hold clip to work on your hunt or return the consequences. Alternatively, I merely came up with a few subjects that represented, I felt, tough but typical jobs encountered by people who work on the cyberspace: First, I tried a hunt with “ background noise ” , a subject where a batch of closely related but unwanted information exists. Following, I tried a hunt for something really vague. Finally, I tried a hunt for keywords which overlapped with a really, really popular hunt keyword. I defined a hunt as successful merely if the desired or relevant sites were returned on the first page of consequences.

Example – Search Footings Which Yield Too Many Matchs

For the first type of hunt, I wanted to happen a transcript of Wusage to download, free package that lets you maintain path of how frequently your waiter or a specific page is accessed, a common tool for HTML developers. This site is difficult to happen because end product files are produced by the plan on every machine running it that have the twine “ wusage ” in their rubric and text. When I merely typed “ wusage ” into search page signifiers, Infoseek and Lycos were the lone engines to happen theA free versionA of the package I wanted. ( Note I gave no recognition for happening the version for sale. A careful hunt of the sale version ‘s page, didA notA produce any links to the free version ‘s download site. ) Infoseek ‘s sum-ups were really hapless, nevertheless, and all lucifers had to be checked.

Always Search As Specifically As Possible

Most engines failed to happen their prey because the hunt was excessively wide. After all, how is the engine supposed to cognize I want the free version? After passing a long clip to happen out theA exactA name of what I wanted, “ wusage 3.2 ” , Infoseek, Excite, Magellan, and Lycos all found the site I was interested in. Alta Vista, Hotbot, and OpenText yielded nil of involvement on their first page. Magellan came out the clear victor on this hunt, as the site sum-up was by far the best. ( Asking Alta Vista to expose a elaborate version of the consequences did n’t alter things at all! ) Infoseek and Excite performed good, but Lycos listed a much older version of wusage ( 2.4 ) foremost.

Think About Search Footings

It finally occurred to me to seek for “ wusage AND free ” to happen the free transcript of wusage. In some sense, Lycos was the victor this clip because the free version was the first lucifer listed ; nevertheless, its sum-up was non really utile. While it did a better occupation than Infoseek, it did n’t state me whether each site was relevant or non. Magellan ‘s response was really good, as it included a nexus taking to the package on the first page of lucifers, once more with an first-class sum-up. Yahoo and Alta Vista besides found it, but all these engines rated the fee version higher than the free version. OpenText did really good here, but merely in advanced hunt manner where it was possible to stipulate that wusage must be in the rubric, and “ free ” could be anyplace in the text. Wusage3.2 was listed as the second of merely two entries – no excavation here! Excite failed to happen the site at all, and HotBot found merely 10 lucifers for statistics of a waiter in Omaha.

Curiously, a hunt for “ download wusage ” did non better the consequences over the single-word hunts for any of the hunt engines! ( It may be clip for rudimentaryA standardizedA classs to be used on the Web: e.g. this is a download archive, this is an information merely site, this is an important site, etc. ) The lesson here may merely be “ if at first you do n’t win… ”

Catalogs

Catalogs were non helpful. Yokel! , under computers/software had nil whatever to seek for wusage: no hypertext transfer protocol, no HTML, no wusage, non even waiters. In Excite! , under computing/www/web ware, three more chinks got me to wusage, but -surprise! – I could non acquire to the free version. See why you do n’t desire anyoneA elseA filtrating your information?

The lessons from this hunt, which I have found repeated in other hunts, are given in the “ Examples: Summary. . . ” box below.

Examples Summary: How To Better Your Searchs

The most valuable hunt tool is specific information

on a hunt. ( In the hunt for wusage, I had no jobs when I knew that version 3.2 was what I needed. )

Think about your hunt footings – the following most of import hunt tool

Obviously, since I wanted the free version of wusage in the illustration, I should hold searched for “ free AND wusage ” ; I got nil with merely “ wusage ” with most engines.

Good site sum-ups save you clip by salvaging you surfing

Use Magellan or OpenText if possible. To research the illustration above, I had to pour through tonss of pages. Merely Magellan ‘s sum-ups truly gave me any assurance that I did non hold to look into every site.

Stipulate a “ rubric merely ” hunt if applicable

Title merely hunts are available merely with OpenText and Alta Vista. In the illustrations, it yields more practical consequences than coming up with tonss of hunt words, ( as aid pages suggest ) or than organizing logically complex hunt questions ( as one might believe ) . Adding more hunt words made the consequences above worse, non better. A Boolean hunt besides did no better, e.g.. “ wusage AND ( free or download ) ” yielded nil from Alta Vista.

Searchs Can Yield New Information, but they are ne’er complete

None of my hunts of all time found the good page on Taegu attention that I know exists.Example – Finding The Really Obscure

For this illustration, allow ‘s seek to happen out how to care for a “ Taegu ” , a South American lizard that is merely reasonably popular even among lizard partisans. ( If that ‘s non an equal illustration of vague information, I do n’t cognize what is. ) I know that a page exists called “ TEGU INTRO ” atA hypertext transfer protocol: //www.concentric.net/ ~tegu/tegu.html, but we will imitate a unsighted hunt here. This hunt was full of surprises.

First I began by merely seeking for the twine “ Taegu. ” Infoseek ‘s first lucifer was a tegu page I did NOT cognize about! Still, the one I wanted was non listed on the first page. Excite yielded nil about Taegu, merely information on a mistily related reptilian, the “ dwarf Taegu. ” A hunt on the twine “ tegu attention ” yielded nil relevant. ( A hunt on their ready to hand Usenet database did happen the old Taegu article I was looking for, three hebdomads old, which was no longer on my local intelligence waiter. Other engines found this every bit good. ) Lycos came up with the URL Infoseek found, plus two more, nevertheless, the extra listings were merely images, non information. Searching for the twine “ tegu attention ” got nil. Alta Vista found nil utile either manner, merely ads for lizard nutrient. OpenText found nil, even when I searched for “ tegu lizard. ” Hotbot found a image of a Taegu with “ tegu attention, ” but it did non return any relevant information with any hunt.

None of the hunts I tried came up the URL I knew approximately. The lesson here is that you can truly happen new things on the Web with hunt engines, but if you need to happen a specific page, it will ever be a dirt shoot. Advanced hunts yielded nil more with any engine ( “ Taegu in rubric AND ( attention or lizard ) ” , etc. ) Some manner to necessitate that the hunts were merely among English linguistic communication paperss would hold been much more helpful. Some northern-European looking linguistic communication seemingly has the word Taegu in it, non mentioning to a lizard, and many foreign linguistic communication pages fouled my consequences on some engines. Another characteristic that would truly hold made a difference would be a filter for gross revenues pages — most of the references of Taegu on the net are ads for “ Monitor and Tegu Food ” , incorporating no attention information. As expected, Yahoo! and Excite! Catalogs were useless here every bit good.

Example – Selectivity: Apple Trees NOT Apple Computers

There are tonss of material on the net about Apple Computers, but what about turning apple trees? Surprisingly, this hunt was really easy! apple* entirely ever yielded tonss of material about the computing machines, and one frequently had to add every bit many as five excluded footings ( apple* -vendor* -hard* -soft* -comp* -mac* ) before having any lucifers for apples you can eat. Surprisingly, nevertheless, merely apple* tree* normally yielded elaborate information on turning apple trees on the first page of consequences. The poorer consequences required one to increase the hunt bid to apple* tree* grow* .

And The Winner Is. . .

I do n’t truly desire to pick a victor. . . All right, if you insist: The “ Search Test Results. . . ” tabular array, below, lists the engines in order of their ranking.A LycosA is hence the official heavy weight hunt engine title-holder of the existence, based on the trials above. However, I think this is losing the point. As shown in the tabular array, A ” Which Search Page. . . ? “ , above, you should take different engines for different undertakings. None of the engines tested were able to restrict their hunts to images except for Alta Vista. This engine must therefore certainly be the bestoneA for artworks interior decorators if they are allowed to utilize merely one, but for most other intents, the user will hold to wade through the mountains of husk and drek to happen what they want. It is more good to utilize different engines for different undertakings ; at most merely a few are required.

Search Engine Test Results

Engine

“ One Item Among Many Related Pages ” Trial

“ Obscure Item ” Trial

“ Selectivty: Apple Trees Not Computers ” Trial

Remarks

Lycos

Found point with wide hunt word and exact name.A

Found point foremost on consequences list with two hunt footings.

Found unknown point, but non known point.

Merely apple $ tree $ yielded good consequences.

Returned the most relevant lucifers in the trials, but requires more clip to look into bad lucifers than Magellan.

Infoseek

Found point with wide hunt word and exact name.A

Found point with two hunt footings.

Found unknown point, but non known point.

Merely apple $ tree $ yielded good consequences.

Poor Summaries.

OpenText

Found wusage in rubric hunt

Found Nothing.

Good consequences with 2 or 3 footings, most utile with 3 footings due to superior sum-ups.

Ability to stipulate title hunts really utile and user-friendly. Summaries really good.

Alta Vista

Failed with approximative and exact words.A

Found point low on first page with two hunt footings.

Found nil

Good consequences with apple* tree* grow* .

Keyword searches for images, rubrics, etc. are really utile in other hunts.

Fernao magalhaes

Found with exact name.A

Found point low on first page with two hunt footings.

Found nil

Required three hunt footings: apple* tree* grow*

Superior sum-ups ever save you surf clip.

Excite

Found with exact name, failed with two word hunt.

Found nil.

Required 3rd search term: apple* tree* grow* , even so irrelevant consequences were foremost.

. . .

HotBot

Failed all hunts

Failed all hunts

Found merely images, and did worse when grow* was added! ! !

Poorest Performer ( excepting catalogs ) .

Excite! Catalog ( non engine )

Failed all hunts

Failed all hunts

Failed all hunts

Catalogs non at all utile.

Yokel! Catalog ( non engine )

Failed all hunts

Failed all hunts

Failed all hunts

Catalogs non at all utile.

IV. Decisions

Different engines have different strong points ; utilize the engine and characteristic that best fits the occupation you need to make. One thing is obvious ; the engine with the most pages in the database IS NOT the best. Not surprisingly, you can acquire the most out of your engine by utilizing your caput to choose hunt words, cognizing your hunt engine to avoid errors with spelling and shortness, and utilizing the particular tools available such as specifiers for rubrics, images, links, etc. The hardware power for rapid hunts and databases covering a big fraction of the cyberspace is yesterday ‘s achievement. We, as users, are populating in a particular clip when hunt engines are undergoing a more profound development, the polish of their particular tools. I believe that really shortly the Web will germinate criterions, such as standard classs, ways of automatically sorting information into these classs, and the hunt tools to take advantage of them, that will truly better seeking. I think it ‘s exciting to be on the Web in this epoch, to be able to watch all the alterations, and to germinate along with the Web as we use it.

V. References and Recommended Reading

A reasonably extended list of hunt engines and related services appears onA Netscape ‘s Net Search PageA but you should besides look atA Web CrawlerA and the many others that exist. Remember, a new, better engine could come online at any minute, and the underdogs need your support.

For an overly-techy article on hunt engines, seek the IW labs reappraisal of engines, Internet World May 1996.

Keep package agents off your site by reading and usingA A Standard for Robot Exclusion.

The writer appreciatively acknowledges proficient aid from the really expertA Opus One, the most knowing and gratifying people you will of all time run into in this or any other concern. This outfit is an first-class mention for anything holding to make with computing machines or the Internet.

* * * *

Dr. Bruce Grossan, when he is non out mounting, Hunts supernovae and gamma-ray explosion opposite numbers at the University of California at Berkeley’sA Space Sciences LaboratoryA andA Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Recently he has besides been researching confer withing on educational and concern web undertakings, and composing The Great American Novel.

The Brief

Welcome to Internet Detective – a free online tutorial that will assist you develop Internet research accomplishments for your university and college work. The tutorial expressions at the critical thought required when utilizing the Internet for research and offers practical advice on measuring the quality of web sites.

Who is the tutorial for?

It ‘s designed to assist pupils in higher and farther instruction who want to utilize the Internet to assist with research for coursework and assignments.

What does the tutorial screen?

The tutorial is divided into the undermentioned subdivisions:

What ‘s the Story? A – understand the advanced Internet accomplishments required for university and college work.

The Good the Bad and the UglyA – see why information quality is an issue on the web, particularly for academic research. Learn how to avoid clip blowing on Internet searching, cozenages and frauds.

Detective WorkA – get intimations and tips that help to critically measure the information you find on the Internet.

Get On the CaseA – attempt out your Internet Detective accomplishments with these practical exercisings.

Keep the Right Side of the LawA – be warned about plagiarism, right of first publication and commendation.

What does the tutorial involve?

You can work through the whole tutorial by choosing the following button at the underside of each screen, or utilize the tabular array of contents in the left border to jump to a subdivision.

The tutorial will takeA around an hourA to finish, but you can make it in more than one posing.

If you get stuck use the “ HELPA at the top of the page. “ .

OK, allow ‘s acquire on the instance!

What ‘s the Story?

University and college work requires some advanced Internet accomplishments

Use this subdivision of the tutorial to larn:

Why studentsA failA if they use the Internet severely

About the potentialA pitfallsA of utilizing the Internet randomly for research

Why you need toA step up your Internet skillsA at university and college

Crime Scene

Picture the scene

You ‘ve merely spent a hebdomad working hard on a piece of coursework. You spent ages making the research and found tonss of information on the Internet.

You have high hopes for a good class. Then all of a sudden, BANG, you get a fail!

What went incorrect?

You scan your feedback remarks aˆ¦

It seems your lector is non happy with the mentions you used.

Apparently youA missed out all the cardinal sourcesA of information that you should hold used. They ask why you did n’t mention to your reading list or any resources from the library.

Some of theA sourcesA you quote are inappropriate – they were looking for academic beginnings such as journal articles, instead than random web sites.

They are besides unhappy with theA contentA of the some of the sites you quote -there was a batch of prejudice and you do n’t give both sides of the statement. Much of the information you cited was out of day of the month and downright inaccurate!

They besides warn you to watch outA whereA the information you use is coming from – all the beginnings you used were from the USA and you missed out all the European research in this country.

But possibly most awkward – seemingly you ‘re non allowed to “ cut and glue ” text from web sites into your assignments – it’splagiarismA – unless you use properA citationA methods – so you get an straight-out fail!

Your lector suggests you brush up on your Internet research accomplishments.

What does this mean?

Wise Up

University and college pupils sometimes fail assignments or acquire hapless Markss in their coursework because they have used the Internet in ways that are inappropriate for work at this degree.

You may hold used the Internet to assist with school work or personal research but you ca n’t needfully trust on the same web sites and accomplishments to acquire you through higher or farther instruction.

Repeating information from a individual beginning ( eg. a text book, encyclopedia or Web site ) is non likely to acquire you really far.

Common errors made by pupils:

They rely on Internet hunts for their research andA ignore other cardinal beginnings

They don’tA critically evaluateA the quality of the information they find

They copy information from the Internet and don’tA acknowledge their beginnings

At university or college you will necessitate to take your Internet research accomplishments to the following degree

At this degree of your instruction you will be expected to:

Be able to make your ain independent research

Locate and utilize a broad scope of information beginnings

Critically measure the information you find

Synthesize information to organize your ain original piece of work

Show a balanced and intelligent statement taking to your ain decisions.

You should take full advantage of yourA reading list, class stuffs and library resources. You might besides be tempted to turn to theA wider webA in which instance you need to step really carefully.

You will necessitate to develop some advanced Internet research accomplishments.

This tutorial can assist!

Sum Up

In this subdivision we have looked at how developing your Internet research accomplishments can assist you win in your university and college work.

OK, so Lashkar-e-Taiba ‘s expression at some specific Internet Detective accomplishments…

The Good, The Bad and The Ugly

The quality of information on the Internet is highly variable.

At best the Internet is a great research tool, at worst it can earnestly degrade your work by feeding you misinformation.

Use this subdivision of the tutorial to larn about:

The good: A academic publication on the Internet

The bad: A clip blowing on Internet hunts

The ugly: A Internet frauds, cozenages and fables

The Good

The good intelligence is that many beginnings of important research information now publish on the Internet.

In the academic universe it is considered really of import that new research builds upon past research and that the quality of information is assured. There are formal procedures to ease this, and it ‘s indispensable you understand these if you are to win at university.

Let ‘s expression at some of the information beginnings that are traditionally used to back up academic research and at how these are progressively available online…

The Academic publication procedure

Academicians normally publish their research in formal publications such as journal documents and articles or studies. These follow formal processs designed to quality-assure the work.

Peer reappraisal / umpiring

Peer reappraisal is what characterises academic research. If a publication is peer reviewed it means it has been read, checked and authenticated ( reviewed ) by independent, 3rd party faculty members ( equals ) . Peer reappraisal has been the quality-control system of academic publication for 100s of old ages.

Scholarly diaries

Peer reviewed articles are frequently collated into scholarly diaries, which are normally published by academic publication houses, professional societies or university imperativeness. Diaries will be a cardinal beginning of information you at university – you will be expected to cite articles from them in your work.

Electronic diaries

A university library may hold shelves full of diaries, but today many are besides available in electronic signifier over the Internet. Ask your lectors or librarians how to happen and utilize the cardinal diaries for your capable – the Oklahoman you do this the quicker you will win in your research.

Library eJournal services

Entree to eJournals is non normally free – a subscription has to be paid. However, a university library will hold paid some subscriptions for its users – who can so acquire free entree to these diaries via their library web services, utilizing a particular watchword ( look into with your library for inside informations ) .

eJournal publishing houses

If you ca n’t acquire entree to eJournals from your library you may be able to via the publishing house ‘s web services. Some offer “ pay-per-view ” which means you pay a little fee for each article you view.

ePrints

Increasingly faculty members are offering free entree to their refereed diary articles ( and sometimes other stuff ) by agencies of databases accessible via the Web called Institutional Repositories ( IRs ) .

Bibliographic databases

Most faculty members rely on specializer databases to entree inside informations of past research. The databases draw together inside informations of scholarly publications from a broad scope of beginnings including academic publishing houses, diaries, archives and sometimes books, and so enable you to seek a big organic structure of the scholarly literature in one spell.

Academic web directories

Of class a batch of information on the web can be utile for research even if it has n’t come from the traditional beginnings. Academic web directories, such as Intute, usher you to the best on-line resources for research – and each resource has been selected and reviewed by a capable specializer.

Library web sites

The library web site for your university or college will be an of import beginning of information for you, as it will rapidly steer you to the cardinal electronic diaries, bibliographic databases and archives that you should be utilizing for your research.

Ask your lectors and bibliothecs for advice on which beginnings you should be utilizing.

The Bad

The bad intelligence is that the Internet besides leads to a batch of information that is wholly inappropriate for your research, and it takes clip and accomplishment to weed this out.

The quality of information on the Internet

As things stand the Internet has no standard system of quality control so it ‘s of import to be careful about which information you use and non to swear everything you read.

Think about it – the Internet links 1000000s of computing machines:

Anyone can set something on the InternetA – an amateur or an expert

From anyplace in the WorldA – be it the United Kingdom or Uruguay

They can state anything they likeA – be it true or false

And go forth it at that place every bit long as they likeA – even if it goes out of day of the month

Or alter it without warningA – possibly even take it wholly

There is a danger that the information you find on the Internet will:

Be from a beginning that isA undependable, missing in authorization or credibleness

Have content that isA invalid, inaccurate, outdated

Not be what it seems!

Weeding out hapless quality information takes clip

Most people use really simple hunt techniques when they want to happen information on the Internet utilizing aA hunt engineA such as Google.

These can bring forth 1000s if non 1000000s of web sites to research: some information will beA utile, some will beA uselessA – it ‘s up to you to spot which is which!

It can take considerableA clip and skillA to sift through hunt engine consequences and measure which are the best beginnings.

Although it may look a quick and easy option to turn to a hunt engine for your research, it might be more effectual to turn to net services designed specifically for university and college research such as yourA library web site.

It ‘s easy to lose cardinal information

If you want to happen something on the Internet, you go to a hunt engine, as they containA everythingA that is available online, right? Incorrect!

Search engines merely cover aA proportionA of what is available online, a batch of information isA hiddenA orA invisibleA to them. For illustration, some of the databases of research literature that we discussed earlier will non look in hunt engine consequences, particularly if they require a subscription or watchword to acquire entree.

It ‘s besides deserving retrieving that hunt engines merely search information that is on-line, and of courseA a immense organic structure of research literature is still merely available in printA signifier in books and diaries.

If you try making the same hunt in different hunt engines you will acquire a different set of consequences on each hunt engine – which reveals thatnone of them index the whole Internet.

A Try this to compare hunt engines

It ‘s a common misconception that hunt engines ( such as Google ) hunt everything – they do n’t – so if you rely on them entirely you may lose some of the cardinal beginnings for your research – consider utilizing other beginnings excessively, such as your library catalogue, other databases and academic web hunt tools.

The Ugly

At worst the Internet can take you to misinformation that could set down you in existent problem.

Unfortunately there are a batch of sharks on the Internet – people who want to flim-flam you, mislead you, lead on you and victimize you. Some web sites and electronic mails can be existent offense scenes.

Be doubting, non paranoid!

This page will foreground some authoritative instances of misinformation on the Internet: Internet frauds, urban fables, cozenages and detest sites.

You need to develop some healthy agnosticism when utilizing the Internet for research but there ‘s no demand to acquire paranoid – we ‘ve already seen that there ‘s plentifulness of good material out at that place excessively. OK, allow ‘s acquire ugly…

Internet frauds

Some web sites are shams designed to be spoofs, lampoons or gags. This is all right every bit long as you realise it ‘s a sham and do n’t take it at face value!

Frauds are frequently approximately celebrated people, political relations, merchandises or administrations. Their content is humourous and the fact that they are non ‘real ‘ sites can be easy to descry. Some sites even include a disclaimer, merely in instance you do n’t acquire the gag, freely acknowledging that the web site is a fraud.

A See an illustration parody

ThisA mirroring of the web designA is a cagey fast one to lead on you into believing you have accessed the existent site. In some instances the design is so like the original that you have to look really carefully to find whether it is existent or sham.

Sometimes bogus web sites are designed to do a more serious point, be it political or educational.

A See an illustration lampoon site

Urban fables

Urban fables can be harmless but merely if you realise they are non really true!

What are urban fables? A They are narratives or rumors that have been circulated from individual to individual. In the yesteryear they were spread by word of oral cavity but now are frequently dispersed via electronic mail or web sites. Some may originally hold contained elements of truth, but have become distorted by errors being made in the retelling. Others have been complete fictions from the start.

Warning: if an electronic mail contains a phrase like: “ Please, direct this message to as many people possible! ! ! ! ” it should alarm you to the thought that you may be looking at an urban fable and so the last thing you should make is frontward the electronic mail to anyone.

The Internet is afloat with false information, which people infinitely frontward on to others believing it to be true. They become SPAM that clogs up the webs and peoples ‘ electronic mail, misinforms them and wastes their valuable clip.

A See some illustrations of urban fables

Scams and frauds

Scams and frauds are more serious as they involve felons seeking to steal your individuality or con you out of your hard currency

TheA Office of Fair TradingA describes SCAMS as:

Scheming

Crafty

Aggressive

Malicious

Their advice is that “ If it looks excessively good to be true it likely is! ”

A See some illustrations of cozenages

Hate sites

Sadly, the Internet can reflect the worst side of human nature and is sometimes used for calumny or to recommend hatred, force and ill will.

Some web sites with malicious purpose have become known as Hate Sites because they disseminate such information. This could be about a individual, an administration, a faith, a political point of view – the list is eternal.

A See an illustration of a hatred site

How make you descry the shams?

A figure of web sites exist to expose forge sites and frauds.

If you are diffident if a site is echt so look into these sites to see if it is listed at that place as a sham. A speedy hunt here could salvage you a batch of embarrassment!

SnopesA [ A hypertext transfer protocol: //www.snopes.com/A ] is a truly great site for look intoing out anything you think might be an urban fable, fraud or cozenage. It keeps a immense archive of illustrations of urban fables, myths and frauds – so if you do hold intuitions about an electronic mail cheque this site to see if it is a fraud.

TheA Office of Fair Trading: Advice on ScamsA [ A hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oft.gov.uk/oft_at_work/consumer_initiatives/scams/A ] A gives the official line on what to make if you become a victim of Internet fraud and has good advice on how to descry cozenages and frauds.

ScambustersA [ A hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scambusters.com/A ] gives information about how to avoid going a victim of individuality larceny, or of frauds such as pyramid merchandising, or money laundering cozenages.

Remember, it ‘s up to you to do certain you do n’t degrade your work by citing misinformation from the Internet.A If in uncertainty, go forth it out!

Quiz

Top of Form

Q1. What is the traditional quality control system for work published by faculty members?

A Peer reappraisal

A Proof reading

A Publishing research

Bottom of Form

Top of Form

Q2. You ‘ve merely been set an assignment. Where should you get down looking for beginnings?

A A hunt engine

A The library web site

Bottom of Form

Top of Form

Q3. What should you make if you are diffident whether a web site you are believing of utilizing as a beginning for your work is echt?

A Use it in your work anyhow – your coach likely wo n’t detect

A Look to see whether it is listed on a web site where frauds are posted.

A Leave it out of your work

Sum Up

In this subdivision we have looked at the good, the bad and the ugly for Internet research:

The good: A academic publication on the Internet

The bad: A blowing clip on Internet seeking

The ugly: A Internet cozenage and frauds, urban fables and myths

It ‘s frequently up to you to spot which is which!

The following subdivision of the tutorial will assist you make merely this…

Detective Work

In this subdivision we will look at some practical stairss you can take to critically measure information you find on the Internet.

It can pay to believe like a investigator: A

Take aA case-by-caseA attack

Ask questionsA ( who, what, where ) and look for hints

Weigh up the evidenceA to do a opinion

Case by Case

“ Quality is in the oculus of the perceiver ” – you need to take a individual attack to measuring information.

The value of information is subjective as different information will be appropriate in different fortunes – it all depends on what you need it for.

For illustration, if you are doingA formal scientific researchA you will likely desire to trust onA peer-reviewed articlesA that have been validated and checked by qualified scientists.

If you are composing an essay on something likeA popular cultureA orA political biasA it might be appropriate to referenceA informal or primary sourcesA that represent different points of position and to discourse the strengths and failings of these.

The key is toA be clear about your intent ; make up one’s mind what types of beginnings would be acceptable to utilize in visible radiation of this, and so to weigh up any information you find in visible radiation of your intent.

What information do you necessitate?

What are the best beginnings of this information?

What type of Internet resources ( if any ) would be deserving looking for?

Warning!

If you do n’t cognize what you are looking for on the Internet you are likely to pass a batch of timeA floating aimlessly through cyberspaceA – so save clip by make up one’s minding precisely what you ‘re seeking to happen before you start seeking!

Check which beginnings your lectors are happy for you to useA – do they desire you to lodge to yourA reading listA orA library resourcesA or are they happy for you to seek theA wider web?

Once you know what you ‘re looking for you can acquire on the instance.

Questions

The phrase “ do n’t judge a book by its screen ” besides applies to net sites.

You need to oppugn the quality of information you find on the Internet before you use it in your research.A

A novitiate seeker will do opinions based strictly on the expression and feel of the site.

An expert research worker will do opinions based on the content of the site, and the credibleness of the beginning of the information.

There is a simple line of oppugning that can assist:

On the WWW ask WWW: Who? What? Where?

Who? A – inquiry the beginning of information

What? A – inquiry the content of information

Where? A – inquiry the location of the information

Who?

Can you swear your beginnings? You will necessitate to set up their credibleness, dependability and authorization.

Writers, A publishing houses, A sponsorsA andA developersA will all impact on the dependability and credibleness of the content of the information.

It ‘s of import to identifyA who is supplying the informationA and to considerA whether they can be relied onA to supply the information you need.

Quality warning!

Remember, your hunt consequences might name:

Scholarly journalsA following toA tabloid intelligence.

Peer-reviewed articlesA following toA amour propre publication.

The site of aA Nobel award winning scientistA following to that of anA Internet quack.

Detective work on beginnings

You need toA place andA verifyA your beginnings.

Ask inquiries

Who is the writer?

Who is the publishing house?

Who sponsored or funded the site?

Make you recognize them as an important beginning?

What are their certificates, makings, background and experience?

Has the information been edited or peer reviewed?

Are the beginnings trustworthy?

What are their motivations for printing the information?

What point of view do they take: impartial? Biased?

Make other Internet beginnings that you trust associate to this site?

Expression for hints

ToA gather evidenceA expression for:

Author detailsA is at that place a biographical statement that lists their occupation rubric, contact inside informations, makings and publications? Is this on the Web site of their employer or is it their ain personal web site?

Detailss about theA publishing house, sponsorA orA developerA of the site.

TheA About UsA subdivision, A Mission StatementA orA HelpA – these might assist set up their history, associations and point of view.

TheA Contact DetailsA – is there a physical reference which verifies claims of writing?

PhotographsA of the writer or offices of the administration.

AA Copyright StatementA to assist set up the proprietor.

See how you came by the site- was it aA nexus from a trusted beginning?

TheA URLA ( more on this later in this subdivision ) .

Tips on look intoing your beginnings

On the Internet the beginning of the information may non ever be made expressed butA in academic work youA mustA be able to mention your beginnings. Always look for statements ofA writing. Is at that place any information about their makings, their place or who they work for?

If you ‘ve ne’er heard of the sourcesA attempt making a speedy Internet hunt on their name. Does Google state you more about their certificates?

You canA look into to see if the writer has published anything else byA carry oning a hunt on a relevant bibliographic database.

If you are citing information taken from the web site of an administration, ever check that it is aA reputable organic structure. Look to see if it is listed in any of the directories of associations or administrations that you will happen in your local library. Check if it quotes support or sponsorship from any other established organic structures.

Be wary of contact inside informations that give you aA POA figure as an addressA or which offer aA premium rate phone numberA – these are common tactics used by Internet fraudsters.

If the beginnings are non disclosed – consider rejecting the information.

What?

Can you swear the content of what you see?

You will necessitate to set up itsA coverage, cogency, accuracyA andA currency.

If theA stuff presentedA isA inaccurate, A untrue, A unlogical, orA out-of-dateA so it ‘s improbable to be a batch of usage for serious research.

It ‘s of import for you toA measure the contentA of the information you find andA think criticallyA about theA statements, A averments, factsA andA dataA that are presented – are they of sufficient quality for your demands?

Quality warning! A

Remember, your hunt consequences might name:

Scientific factsA following toA baseless sentiments.

Professional adviceA following toA idle chitchat.

TheA latest researchA following toA last twelvemonth ‘s intelligence.

Detecting the value of information content

Ask questionsA

Are the statements and conclusionsA validA Internet Explorer. good founded inA logicA orA truth?

Does the authorA back up any claimsA with dependable third-party support ( eg.A commendations, mentions, A research dataA andA beginning stuff?

Is there aA balanced argumentA or is it nonreversible?

Make you hold with the decisions it draws?

Is the informationA accurate: A or can you descry mistakes ( eg.A typographical errorsA orA broken links ) .

Is the informationA currentA – or might it be out of day of the month or superceded by more recent publications? Is at that place aA ” last-updated ” day of the month?

Is theA coverageA sufficient? A Does it include all the facets of the topic that you need in adequate comprehensiveness or deepness?

Is theA levelA of the site appropriate? A Does it handle the topic at the degree you require or is it an introductory usher that is excessively basic?

Is itA completeA – is it available in full or has it been abridged?

Is it aA commentaryA or anA originalA text? AA primaryA orA secondaryA beginning?

Is itA factA orA sentiment?

Are thereA advertsA everyplace, that might do you question the motivations of the online publication?

Expression for hints

Take clip to garner grounds about the content. Look for:

Bias and controversial statements that are unsubstantiatedA – utilize your ain cognition to inquiry content and if it goes against what you know so look for grounds to endorse it up.

Research evidenceA – to endorse up the statements and averments presented ( eg. expression for good quality research methods, research informations and reappraisals of past literature in the field. ) .

Proper referencesA – particularly in academic plants – these should follow conventional commendation patterns and come from important beginnings.

Mistakes and inaccuracies: if you spot any of these it should be a cause for concern – an editor or referee should hold picked these up so possibly it has n’t been decently checked and can non be relied upon in other ways?

DatesA – for when it was written, published and last updated – how utile is it for your intents?

Tips on look intoing the content

Site maps, A Content pages and About UsA statements – they frequently tell you the range and coverage of the work

You will necessitate to mention theA titleA of the work and theA dateA it was published in your mentions so do certain you can happen these.

If you are looking for current intelligence headlines or the most recent version of an article it is of import that you are seeing the mostup-to-date information.

If the site offers somethi