The thought of an academic vocabulary has a long history in learning English for academic or specific intents Indeed, academic vocabulary is used to mention to points which are moderately frequent in a broad scope of academic genres but are comparatively uncommon in other sorts of texts ( Coxhead & A ; Nation, 2001 ) .
Many university-level constructions regard assisting pupils develop control over such vocabularies as an of import portion of their function, and atAtempts have been made to assemble lists of cardinal footings to steer stuffs authors and aid pupils plan their acquisition more expeditiously. Early ESP stuffs, for illustration, sought to place and show signifiers with a high frequence in scientific and proficient authorship ( e.g. , Barber, 1988 ; Herbert, 1965 ) and considerable attempt has been devoted to look intoing the vocabulary needed for academic survey ( e.g. , Campion & A ; Elley, 1971 ; Coxhead, 2000 ; Nation, 1990 ) . Such research is normally based on the premise that scholars are seeking to construct a repertory of specialised academic words in add-on to their bing BASIC or general service vocabulary, and this repertory edifice is frequently seen as the intent of developing university vocabulary.
2. Literature reappraisal
Vocabulary is typically seen as falling into three chief groups ( Nation, 2001 ) :
High frequence words such as those included in West ‘s ( 1953 ) General Service List ( GSL ) of the most widely utile 2,000-word households in English, covering approximately 80 % of most texts.
An academic vocabulary of words which are moderately frequent in academic authorship and consist some 8 % -10 % of running words in academic texts.
A proficient vocabulary which differs by capable country and covers up to 5 % of texts.
ESL/EFL pupils are said to happen an academic voAcabulary a peculiarly ambitious facet of their acquisition ( Li & A ; Pemberton, 1994 ) . This facet of their acquisition is disputing because, although proficient vocabulary is cardinal to pupils ‘ specialized countries, general academic vocabulary serves a mostly supportive function and the words are “ non likely to be glossed by the content instructor ” ( Flowerdew, 1993, p. 236 ) . Many of these words besides occur excessively infrequently to let incidental acquisition ( Worthington & A ; Nation, 1996 ) , promoting reAsearchers and instructors to develop vocabulary lists for straight learning these footings.
3. Problem statement
Shiraz Paramedical and Medical Universities as taking research intensive public universities offer undergraduates and graduate student classs to both national and international pupils. To take part efficaciously in the research-oriented environment of higher instruction, they have to understand talks, take part in category treatments, read class texts, and write research documents. In developing those necessary survey accomplishments, they must possess a high degree of linguistic communication proficiency including a great bid of academic and proficient words.
Although there are many academic word lists available, nevertheless, unluckily, these lists are non publically available because publishing houses do non desire rival publishing houses to acquire clasp of their lists. This of class makes it more hard for university lectors to fix their pupils for such advanced readings. Furthermore, it has been argued that single lexical points on the lists frequently occur and behave in different ways across subjects and that words normally contribute to ‘lexical packages ‘ which besides reflect disciplinary penchants. Hence, for illustration high frequence words such as those included in Coxhead ‘s Academic Corpus are still considered general and might non truly demo the same penchant or inclination towards medical scientific discipline subjects. Ignoring of import differences in the collocational and semantic behaviour of words in different subjects might earnestly misdirect our medical pupils.
Not get the hanging the relevant academic word list, peculiarly for medical pupils may do many jobs that are explained in the followers. The presence of unfamiliar words and looks in academic texts is a serious obstruction to EFL scholars ‘ reading in a foreign linguistic communication. Although university pupils may go through entryway test, it has been argued that the restrictions in academic vocabulary cognition hamper their ability to bring forth essays where reassigning information requires effectual vocabulary usage in an academic environment ( Kaur & A ; Hegelmeir, 2005 ) .
Academic words are said to present a challenge for many ESL and EFL pupils because of their deficiency of saliency and comparative low frequence. Unlike proficient or subject specific words, academic words ( e.g. analyse, inherent ) play a supportive instead than a cardinal function in building the significance of a text ( Coxhead, 2000 ) . Furthermore, their low frequence means that they are improbable to be learnt by the way ( Worthington & A ; Nation, 1996 ) .
Since at university degree, pupil research workers need to print in international refereed diaries both for calling promotion and to acquire fiscal support, this demand has turned into a job, as the opportunities of publication in indexed diaries have become highly hard for pupils that their academic vocabulary cognition is non wide plenty.
4. Aims
1. To happen out the distributions of academic vocabulary used in medical scientific discipline.
2. To look into the distributions and the classs of words that collocates with academic vocabularies in medical scientific discipline.
3. To look into the distributions and the semantic maps of academic vocabulary used in medical scientific discipline.
4. To compare and contrast the high frequence words in medical principal ( the one which are traveling to be build ) and the pedagogic principal ( General English I, II, and specific English text edition ) .
5. Significance of the Study
Knowing which words are the most utile words at each phase of proficiency clearly has benefits for course of study interior decorators and authors of university class books. However, the value of word lists goes beyond this. The findings of this survey can be chiefly good for planing classs. This specialised academic word list is designed to pool together a list and word households that our university medical pupils would probably meet in academic texts ; these are word households that are non subject-specific plenty to be found across multiple countries of research, and these are besides word households there are non included in the General Service List ( GSL ) . Hence, this list provides informations that can steer the sequencing of words and groups of words in English for Specific Purposes ( ESP ) classs, so that at any degree in the class our university pupils are acquiring the best return for their acquisition attempt.
The findings of this survey can be published as a mention book for medical pupils in order to animate them to hold scheduled vocabulary lessons independently and to guarantee that they have the academic background cognition they need to understand the content they will meet in their classs. This in bend, will fit them with adequate background cognition to compose for publication in English.
6. Methodology
6.1. The development of the medical principal
Research in principal linguistics has shown that the lingual characteristics of texts differ across registries. Possibly the most noteworthy of these characteristics is vocabulary. To depict the vocabulary of a peculiar registry, such as academic texts, the principal must therefore contain texts that are representative of the assortments of texts they are intended to reflect ( Atkins, Clear, & A ; Ostler, 1992 ; Biber, 1993 ; Sinclair, 1991 ) . Sinclair ( 1991 ) warns that a principal should incorporate texts whose size and forms accurately reflect the texts they represent. He further postulates that if long texts are included in a principal, “ distinctive features of an single manner or subject on occasion show through ” ( p.19 ) , peculiarly through vocabulary. Making usage of a assortment of short text allows more fluctuation in vocabulary ( Sutarsyah, Nation, & A ; Kennedy, 1994 ) . Inclusion of texts written by a assortment of authors help neutralize prejudice that may ensue from idiosyncratic manner of one author ( Atkins et al. , 1992 ; Sinclair 1991 ) and increases the figure of lexical points in the principal ( Sutarsyah et al, 1994 ) . Therefore for this survey the most used mention books in medical specialty ( possibly 3 text editions ) and research articles in the medical scientific discipline are traveling to be compiled to construct a representative principal of long and short texts.
The exact sum of linguistic communication required, of class, depends on the intent and usage of the research ; nevertheless, in general more linguistic communication means that more information can be gathered about lexical points and more words in context can be examined in deepness. In the current survey it is planned to garner about 2 million running words. The principal is representative of a genre, and of a subject, medical specialty. It will dwell of articles taken from the online versions of diaries indexed by the Science Citation Index ( SCI ) Report. The principal is traveling to incorporate X figure of articles produced faculty members working in English-speaking universities, and selected from diaries published between 2007 and 2012, which were specifically recommended by capable specializers at Shiraz Medical University. The articles will hold the Introduction-Method-Results-Discussion format ( IMRD, Swales, 1990 ) . The paperss are traveling to be prepared to be accessed as whole texts or as single subdivisions ( sub-corpora ) . Numbers, abstracts, recognitions, mentions, captions and appendices will be excluded from the word count. The units of analysis are items, types and households. Types are defined as individual word signifiers ; tokens as the figure of happenings of each type ; and households as a aggregation of officially and semantically related word types ( Bauer & A ; Nation, 1993, in Chung & A ; Nation, 2003 ) .
6.2. The development of the pedagogic principal
Since one of the aims of this research is to look into the convergence between high frequence words in our mention principal and the three text editions that are presently taught at Shiraz medical university, doing another principal which consists these three text editions is necessary. To do this pedagogic principal, the soft transcript of 1 ) General English I, 2 ) General English II, and 3 ) English in Medicine text editions are traveling to be converted into a Labeled Image File ( TIF ) format. This will so be saved and processed with Optical Character Recognition ( OCR ) package, which convert all TIF files into text files ( .txt ) . The txt files will so be checked for mistakes before salvaging and renaming them harmonizing to the several units of the text edition.
6.3. The package for analysis
The WordSmith Tools Version 4.0 will be used about wholly for the intent of this research, because it has been recognized as a capable and suited tool to back up quantitative and qualitative informations analysis by many research workers ( Baker, 2006 ; Bondi, 2001 ; De Klerk, 2004 ; Flowerdew, 2003 ; Henry & A ; Roseberry, 2001 ; Menon, 2009, to call a few ) .
WordSmith Tools Version 4.0 is a comparatively little, but doubtless utile piece of package running on a personal computing machine. The plans in WordSmith Toolscan manage virtually limitless sums of text. They can read text from CD-ROMs, so giving entree to corpora incorporating many 1000000s of words. The chief advantage of WordSmith Tools is that it displays the end product straight on the screen. The end product can besides be saved as a file and printed out. WordSmith Tool scan be used non merely on apparent English texts, but besides on texts in other linguistic communications, and on English texts with grammatical encryption. The maps of the WordSmith Tools include frequence listing, alphabetical listing, keyword in context ( KWIC ) analysis, farther seeking on both sides of the keywords, and closer probe of the mark points in larger contexts ( Reppen, 2001 ) .
6.4. Data processing and analysis
For the intent of this survey, foremost the frequence and distribution of word types and items in the principal will be determined. Besides, qualitative observations are traveling to be made about the peculiar behavior of certain specific words.
